PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POWER CONFERENCE VOLUME 39PDF电子书下载

Opening Remarks L．F．LISCHER,Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1

FOREWORD 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

A Time of Decision KARL H．RUDOLPH,Edison Electrical Institute and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company,Cleveland 3

PUBLICITY AND PUBLICATION 4

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 5

The Snail Darter,Snapdragon,Saccharin Syndrome—More Power to Whom? CARL E．BAGGE,National Coal Association,Washington,D．C． 9

MEMORIAL TO DANIEL A．SULLIVAN 12

SESSION CHAIRMEN AND COCHAIRMEN 13

How Fast Should Coal Be Developed? GERALD L．DECKER,The Dow Chemical Company,Midland,Michigan 20

AMERICAN POWER CONFERENCE LUNCHEONS 20

Nuclear Power and Weapons Proliferation—The Thin Link CHAUNCEY STARR,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 26

Prospects for World Energy PHILIP H．ABELSON,Carnegie Institution of Washington and SCIENCE,Washington,D．C． 34

OPENING MEETING 34

GENERAL INTEREST SESSIONS 34

Invocation THE REVEREND DR．ANSELM H．AMADIO,Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 34

ALL ENGINEERS DINNER 41

Energy:Where Are We Headed? CHARLES J．DIBONA,American Petroleum Institute,Washington,D．C． 41

ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN THE NEW ENERGY ECONOMY 49

Interfaces Between Educators and the Power Industry LEWIS F．HICKS,Ohio University,Athens 49

What Engineering Graduates Did Not Learn in School T．D．KOLFLAT,and A．F．ASCHOFF,Sargent Lundy,Chicago 54

Energy Education for the Future GEORGE H．MILEY,University of Illinois,Urbana 61

Student Paper Competition—Abstracts of Winning Papers DAVID LUBAR,Development of a Paper Money Identifier for the Blind,University of Illinois JOHN AUSTIN,A Digial Control Circuit for Triacs,Valparaiso University MIKE MICHEAL and DAVID WITKOWSKI,A 65

Overview of the Fuel Cycle,1977-81 M．LEVENSON,and E．ZEBROSKI;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 67

NUCLEAR Ⅰ—NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE 67

NUCLEAR SESSIONS 67

Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing From a Commercial Viewpoint R．L．DICKEMAN,Exxon Nuclear Company,Incorporated Belleview,Washington 87

Status of Federal Disposal Programs J．E．HOWARD,Boston Edison Company,Boston 94

The Outlook for Uranium and Enrichment Supply in the United States BERNARD H．CHERRY,General Public Utilities Corporation,Parsippany,New Jersey 100

Plutonium Recycle's Relation to the Future of Nuclear Power RAYMOND E．HOSKIN,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 107

NUCLEAR Ⅱ—NUCLEAR REGULATORY IMPACT 115

Nuclear Regulation VICTER STELLO,JR．,United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington,D．C． 115

Nuclear Regulation:The Industry Point of View JOHN E．WARD,Sargent Lundy,Los Angeles 120

Impact of Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulations on Fire Protection for Nuclear Plants LOUIS E．HAYDEN,and DONALD B．SCOTT;Brown and Root,Inc．,Houston JAMES R．SUMPTER,Houston Lighting and Power Company,Houston 127

Meeting the Latest Qualification Requirements for Class 1E Protection System Equipment—A Practical Approach R．P．DAIGLE,Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut R．J．BREEN,The Foxboro Company,Foxboro,Massachusetts 132

Pollution Abatement Regulations for Nuclear Power Stations and Their Economic Impact FRANK M．SCOTT,and KRISHNA V．MAYENKAR;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago 141

Status of Prototype Large Breeder Reactor(PLBR)Designs L．E．MINNICK,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 152

NUCLEAR Ⅲ—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN 152

Reference Nuclear Power Plant Control Building Design A．P．STAKUTTIS,B．G．SCHULTZ,and L．S．BRIGHT,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston 156

Fire Protection Design for Nuclear Plants WILLIAM B．BRENNER,GERALD C．VELLENDER,CLAUDE R．DIDIER,and ALBERT L．GARROU;Fluor Pioneer,Inc．,Chicago 165

Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Design RANDALL W．PACK,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 173

NUCLEAR Ⅳ—NUCLEAR PLANT RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY 180

Operating Reliability of Oconee Nuclear Station WILLIAM O．PARKER, JR．,Duke Power Company,Charlotte,North Carolina 180

Upgrading of PWRs to Enhance Plant Availability BARRY KOH,and DAVID E．HAMILTON;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 192

Building a Comprehensive Spare Parts Program G．L．HEFTER,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston J．M．BLACK,Northeast Nuclear Energy Company,Waterford,Connecticut 200

BWR Availability Improvement—Programs and Progress N．L．FELMUS,and W．C．ELHOFF;General Electric Company,San Jose 208

Increasing Reliability of Nuclear Steam Systems Utilizing Operating Experience Feedback J．C．DEDDENS,and F．R．FAHLAND;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburg,Virginia 216

NUCLEAR Ⅴ—NUCLEAR PLANT OPERATIONS:REDUCING LIMITATIONS 224

Design Approach to Pressurized Water Reactor Load Change Flexibility F．C．HOWELL,N．P．MUELLER,and K．J．DZIKOWSKI;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 224

Progress in Reducing Stress Corrosion Cracking in BWR Piping RICHARD E．SMITH,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 232

Design and Planning for Effctive In-Service Inspection JOHN A．BREYNAFRT,and JOHN R．DENNIS,JR．;Stone and Webster Corporation,Boston 241

Future NRC Inspections of Operating Reactors ERNST VOLGENAU,United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington,D．C． 251

MECHANICAL SESSIONS 255

MECHANICAL Ⅰ—LARGE TURBINE-GENERATORS 255

Will Large Turbine-Generators of the Future Require Superconducting-Field Turbogenerators? WILHELM ENGELKE,and DIETRICH LAMBRECHT;Kraftwerk Union AG,Muelheim/Ruhr,West Germany JOHN S．JOYCE,Allis-Chalmers Power Systems Inc．,West Allis,Wisconsin 255

Inspection and Evaluation of In-Service Turbine Rotor Forgings D．P．TIMO,and R．J．PLACEK;General Electric Company,Schenectady 270

Large-Scale Testing for Improved Turbine Reliability W．G．STELTZ,D．D．ROSARD,P．H．MAEDEL,JR．,and R．L．BANNISTER;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Lester,Pennsylvania 282

Operating Experience With Bypass System in Fossil and Nuclear Power Plant KURT REINHARD,and G．SCHATZMANN;Brown Boveri and Cie,Ltd．,Baden,Switzerland Z．STANLEY STYS,Brown Boveri Corporation,North Brunswick,New Jersey 294

Economics of High Back Pressure Turbines With Dry Cooling Systems ROBERT D．MITCHELL,and JOHN P．ROSSIE;R．W．Beck and Associates,Denver 300

MECHANICAL Ⅱ—FLUE GAS TECHNOLOGY 309

Current Assessment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology R．L．ANDREWS,Ebasco Services Incorporated,New York 309

A 100-MW Second Generation SO2 Removal Demonstration Plant for New York State Utilities ROBERT G．ALDRICH,Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse,New York RICHARD D．OLDENKAMP,Atomics International Division,Canoga Park,California 319

Cleaning Up Stack Gas Without Production of Unsalable Byproducts A．HENNICO,O．ODELLO,S．FRANKOWIAK,P．J．SALVAT,and N．DEZAEL;Institut Francais du Petrole,Paris,France P．BONNIFAY B．CHA,and J．W．ANDREWS;Institut Francais du Petrole,New York 327

MECHANICAL Ⅲ—INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT CLINIC 336

Latest Developments inNatural-Circulation Boiler Design M．WIENER,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Barberton,Ohio 336

Design for Availability—An Update D．E．LYONS,and S．S．BLACKBURN;Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut 349

Steam Generator/Turbine Matching at Public Service Indiana Gibson Station L．W．LEATH,and M．A．COLVIN;Public Service Indiana,Plainfield W．P．GORZEGNO,and J．A．BROWN;Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation,Livingston,New Jersey 369

Draft Control System Design,Simulation and Test for a High Implosion Potential Boiler H．D．VOLLMER,Bailey Meter Company,Willoughby,Ohio JOHN M．UNDRILL,Power Technologies Inc．,Schenectady H．G．CRIM,JR．,Potomac Power Company,Washington,D．C． 388

MECHANICAL Ⅳ—CENTRAL STATION POWER GENERATION 398

The Use of Cost Variance Analysis to Compare Base-Load Electrical Power Generation Methods EDGAR F．JACOBI,and ANTHONY A．MASTOR;TRW Energy Systems,Inc．,Redondo Beach,California 398

Economics of Coal and Nuclear Electricity—A Treatment of Inflation and Differential Cost Increases DOAN L．PHUNG,ALFRED M．PERRY,and CHARLES E．WHITTLE;Institute for Energy Analysis,Oak Ridge,Tennessee 407

San Miguel Project LOUIS S．GEE,Tippett and Gee,Inc．,Abilene,Texas 416

MECHANICAL Ⅴ—FOSSIL FUELS 433

ERDA's Program for Coal and Coal-Derived Fuel-Fired Utility Power Generation STEVEN I．FREEDMAN,and JOHN N．EUSTIS;Energy Research and Development Administration,Washington,D．C． 433

Fluidized-Bed Combustion of Coal:Status and Prospects JOHN S．GORDON,Mitre Corporation,McLean,Virginia 441

Correlation of Fireside Boiler Fouling With North Dakota Lignite Ash Characteristics and Power Plant Operating Conditions EVERETTA．SONDREAL,STANLEY J．SELLE,and PHILIP H．TUFTE;Energy Research and Development Administration,Grand Forks,North Dakota 448

Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Coal Preparation for Sulfur Removal J．CLEMENT BURDICK,SAM H．CALHOUN,PETER A．KRENKEL,andKAREN L．MCDOWELL;Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 462

Preparation and Burning of Solvent-Refined Coal WILLIAM DOWNS,and CHARLES L．WAGONER;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Alliance,Ohio ROBERT C．CARR,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,Califormia 467

MECHANICAL Ⅵ—POWWER PLANT AUXILIARIES 476

Study of Feedwater Cycles With Multiple Direct Contact Heaters I．OLIKER,Burns and Roe,Inc．,Oradell,New Jersey 476

Fugitive Dust Control for Power Plant Coal-Handling and Storage Systems H．DAVIS EGE,JR．,and WILLIAM J．WARD,JR．;Burns McDonnell Engineering Company,Kansas City,Missouri 489

Optimization of Waste Disposal Systems in Control of Environmental Impact of Coal-Fired Utilities LEONARD BREITSTEIN,WILLIAM ELLISON,and MURRAY WARNER;NUS Corporation,Rockville,Maryland WAYNE M．NEELEY,NUS Corporation,Pittsburgh 497

Foundations for Big Cajun No.2 ROBERT A．DUDEK,Bovay Engineers,Inc．,Houston 508

Some BoilerFeed Equipment and System Design Parameters—Effect on Pump Life W．O．SHEPHERD,and R．L．GODIN;Dresser Industries,Inc．,Huntington Park,California 515

MECHANICAL Ⅶ—GAS TURBINES AND COMBINED CYCLES 524

An Ultra-High-Temperature Gas Turbine for Coal-Derived Fuels,With Maximum Flexibility W．H．DAY,General Electric Company,Schenectady 524

Design and Development of the Gas Turbine HTGR Power Plant THOMAS W．SCHOENE,and JOHN M．KRASE;General Atomic Company,San Diego 538

A Compressed-Air Storage Plant With A Cavern in Salt KIRBY G．VOSBURGH,DAVID C．GOLIBERSUCH,P．MALCOLM JARVIS,JOHN A．BAST,and JOHN．H．ESKESEN;General Electric Company,Schenectady A．S．MITCHELL,Fenix and Scisson,Inc．,Tulsa EDWARD J．SOSNOWICZ,United 549

Siting Considerations for Locating Combustion Turbine Generating Units on Nuclear Plant Sites E．CONNELL,III,and C．J．TYBURK;Fluor Pioneer Inc．,Chicago 557

Small Utility Experience With Supplementary-Fired Combined-Cycle Power Generation RICHARD B．WAITE,Taunton Municipal Lighting Plant,Taunton,Massachusetts 563

MECHANICAL Ⅷ—PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL 569

Flue Gas Conditioning With SO3 to Improve Precipitator Performance JAMES H．BRENNAN,The Detroit Edison Company,Detroit ROBERT L．REVELEY,WAHLCO,Inc．,Santa Ana,California 569

Chemical Conditioning of Low-Sulfur Western Coal RICHARD BORSHEIM,The Montana Power Company,Butte,Montana ROBERT P．BENNETT,Apollo Chemical Corporation,Whippany,New Jersey 576

Operating Experience With Hot Precipitators on Western Low-Sulfur Coals A．B．WALKER,Research-Cottrell,Bound Brook,New Jersey 582

Prepared Discussion STEN MAARTMANN,AB Svenska Flaktfabriken,Stockholm 591

Author's Closure Fabric Filter and Electrostatic Precipitator Fine 593

Particle Emission Comparison ROBERT CARR,and WALTER PIULLE;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,California JOHN P．GOOCH,Southern Research Institute,Birmingham,Alabama 595

Retrofit Electrostatic Precipitators—How Do You Get From Here to There? RICHARD K．MILLER,The Dayton Power and Light Company,Dayton,Ohio 610

Design Problems in Applying Fabric Collectors to Boilers GRANT D．APPLEWHITE,American Air Filter Company,Inc．,Louisville,Kentucky 616

MECHANICAL Ⅸ—NOVEL FORMS OF POWER GENERATION 622

Fixed Mirror Solar Concentrator for Central Station Generation JOHN L．RUSSELL,JR．,General Atomic Company,San Diego 622

Impact of Solar Energy on Electric Utility Generation System Reliability and Operations G．A．JORDAN,and R．W．MOISAN;General Electric Company,Schenectady G．P．O'BRIEN,General Electric Company,Philadelphia 635

Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Central Power Station DAVID A．MCCUTCHAN,PAUL F．PITTMAN,ROBERT R．FERBER,GEORGE C．RUSCHAK,JR．,and CARL R．CHOWANIEC;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 642

Open-Cycle MHD Energy Conversion—Prospects and Developments for Central Station Power Generation F．HALS,S．PETTY,D．STICKLER,and A．SOLBES,AVCO Everett Research Laboratory,Inc．,Everett,Massachusetts 651

Prospects for Utility Applications of Fusion Power WILLIAM C．GOUGH,Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto 664

MECHANICAL Ⅹ—COOLING SYSTEMS 676

Assessment of Cooling Water Supply in the United States D．E．PETERSON,and J．C．SONNICHSEN,JR．;Westinghouse Hanford Company,Richland,Washington 676

The Acquisition and Analysis of Thermal Performance Data on a Natural-Draft Cooling Tower KARL R．WILBER,Environmental Systems Corporation,Knoxville,Tennessee ROBERT P．CAREY,Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company,Cincinnati 685

Noise Emission Characteristics of Circular Mechanical,Natural and Fan-Assist Natural-Draft Cooling Towers With Silencers G．A．CAPANO,Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston 691

Heat Rejection for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant ANDREW M．DONALDSON,Burns and Roe,Inc．,Los Angeles 702

Crosswind and Internal Flow Characteristics of Dry Cooling Towers T．V．JONES,and D．W．HOLDER;University of Oxford,England C．M．B．RUSSELL,C-E Lummus Heat Transfer Division,London M．VERLINDEN,Hamon-Sobelco S．A．,Brussels,Belgium H．R．MCCHESNEY 709

INDUSTRIAL Ⅱ—INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT CLINIC 719

The“Ten Demandments”for Safe and Reliable Operation of Steam Boilers S．F．HARRISON,The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors,Columbus,Ohio 719

INDUSTRIAL SESSIONS 719

INDUSTRIAL Ⅲ—INDUSTRIAL BOILERS AND TURBINES 724

Vibration Prevention in Boiler Banks of Industrial Boilers J．D．ROGERS,F．H．ARENSTAM,and R．D．KNIGHT,Combustion Engineering,Inc．,Windsor,Connecticut 724

Electric Boilers up to 157,000 Pounds Per Hour:Available Designs and Current Applications TERRENCE J．HEIL,and CHARLES H．LEATHAM,JR．,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 735

Studies of a Small PWR for On-Site Industrial Power O．H．KLEPPER,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge W．R．SMITH,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburgh,Virginia 744

Solid-State Electronic Systems for Power Plant Interlock and Control ROBERT C．SZCZERBICKI,and DAVID B．IREDELL;Stanley Consultants,Inc．,Muscatine,Iowa 755

The Impact of Higher Energy Costs on Turbine System Selection for Industry JOHN M．KOVACIK,General Electric Company,Schenectady 765

INDUSTRIAL Ⅳ—QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS 774

Quality Assurance in E．I．du Pont de Nemours and Company,Inc． P．P．CARROLL,E．I．du Pont de Nemours and Company,Wilmington,Delaware 774

Quality Assurance of General Electric Industrial Steam Turbine-Generators WILLIAM E．GEHR,General Electric Company,Lynn,Massachusetts 778

Quality Assurance in Pumps MILTON F．HAGERSTROM,Ingersoll-Rand Company,Phillipsburg,New Jersey 784

INDUSTRIAL Ⅴ—HEAT PUMP AND THERMAL STORAGE APPLICATIONS 789

TVA's Experience and Work With the Electric Heat Pump G．DOUGLAS CARVER,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga,Tennessee 789

Commercial Feasibility of Thermal Storage in Buildings for Utility Load Leveling J．G．ASBURY, R．F．GIESE, R．O．MUELLER,andS．H．NELSON;Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne,Illinois 795

Thermoelectric Heat Pump for Residential Heating and Cooling ZALMAN LAVAN,R．A．BUDEKHOLZER,I．B．FIELDHOUSE,and B．MATHIPARKASAM;Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 805

The Unitary Heat Pump Industry—1952 to 1977 JOSEPH A．PIETSCH,General Electric Company,Tyler,Texas 816

WATER TECHNOLOGY SESSIONS 822

WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅰ—NUCLEAR STEAM GENERATOR WATER CHEMISTRY 822

Report of Activities of the ASME Research Committee on Water in Thermal Power Systems—1976 H．J．VYHNALEK,The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company,Cleveland 822

EPRI Steam Generator Programs L．J．MARTEL,and T．O．PASSELL;Electric Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,California P．E．C．BRYANT,and R．M．RENTLER;Combustion Engineering,Windsor,Connecticut 825

PWR Secondary Water Chemistry Study—Progress Report W．L．PEARL,and S．G．SAWOCHKA;Nuclear Water and Waste Technology Corporation,San Jose 840

Solids Behavior in Once-Through Nuclear Steam Systems M．J．BELL,The Babcock Wilcox Company,Lynchburg,Virginia N．J．MRAVICH,F．J．POCOCK,and M．M．RUBRIGHT;The Babcock Wilcox Company,Alliance,Ohio 849

Prepared Discussions K．H．FREDERICK,Metropolitan Edison Company,Middletown,Pennsylvania G．C．GOULD,General Electric Company,Schenectady,New York 865

Authors'Closure 866

WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅱ—POWER PLANT WASTE WATER SYSTEMS 868

Duke Power Company Ash Basin Equivalency Demonstration for Metal Cleaning Wastes W．A．HALLER,J．E．HARWOOD,S．T．MAYNE,and A．GNILKA;Duke Power Company,Charlotte,North Carolina 868

Design and Implementation of the San Diego Gas and Electric CompanyWaste Water Treatment System ROBERT V．PELTIER,San Diego Gas and Electric Company,San Diego JERRY E．BRENMAN,Ecodyne Corporation,Union,New Jersey 875

The Design of Waste Water Treatment Facilities for The Detroit Edison Company GERALD C．KAERCHER,The Detroit Edison Company,Detroit ROBERT M．ROSAIN,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 889

San Juan Station Water Management Program RICHARD E．DASCHER,Public Service Company of New Mexico,Albuquerque F．R．LEPPER,JR．,Resources Conservation Co．,Renton,Washington 896

WATER TECHNOLOGY Ⅲ—CREATIVE SOLUTIONS TO WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS 909

Examinations of Superheater Oxidation Products by Scanning Electron Microscopy W．GRANT MCPHERSON,and LARRY D．MARTIN;Halliburton Services,Duncan,Oklahoma 909

Feedwater Line Corrosion J．Brown,and P．MCSWEENEY;Ontario Hydro,Toronto,Canada 918

Treating Secondary Sewage for Water Use at an Air-Cooled Power Plant HENRY BYDALEK,and JOHN F．KROON;Stone Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston A．H．SEEKAMP,Pacific Power Light Company,Portland 925

Prepared Discussion E．J．CONNELLEY,The Permutit Company,Paramus,New Jersey 932

An Assessment of Intermittent and Continuous Chlorination and Bromochlorination Schemes for Control of Estuarine Fouling Organisms in Once-Through Cooling Systems DENNIS T．BURTON,Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory,Benedict,Maryland 934

HYDROELECTRIC SESSION 943

SYMPOSIUM ON THE GRAND COULEE THIRD POWER PLANT 943

Planning the Third Power Plant NORMAN H．MOORE,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Boise,Idaho 943

Special Design Problems WILLIAM C．STEVENSON,United States Department of Interior,Denver,Colorado 953

Construction ROBERT J．MUELLER,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Grand Coulee,Washington,D．C． 957

Operation ROBERT J．MUELLER,United States Bureau of Reclamation,Grand Coulee,Washington,D．C． 963

Turbines ROGER S．ALLAN,Dominion Engineering Works Limited,Montreal,Quebec,Canada 968

820,000-Horsepower Hydraulic Turbines PAUL S．NIESWANDER,Bingham-Williamette Company,Portland,Oregon 970

The 700-MW Turbine JAMES H．FISCHER,Allis-Chalmers Corporation,York,Pennsylvania 975

Generators—Units 22,23,24 DAVID J．PARKER,Canadian General Electric Company Limited Peterborough,Ontario 986

ELECTRICAL SESSIONS 993

ELECTRICAL Ⅰ—SYSTEM PLANNING 993

Load Forecasting in Today's Environment JAMES A．MCMAHON,and LYNN C．MAXWELL,Tennessee Valley Authority,Chattanooga 993

Adding Financial Simulation to Long-Range Generation Planning R．P．FELAK,W．D．MARSH,R．W．MOISAN,and R．M．SIGLEY;General Electric Company,Schenectady 999

Techniques for Analyzing Regional Electric Energy Demand and Capacity Requirements P．F．SCHWEIZER,and H．J．GANGLOFF;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Pittsburgh 1010

Minimization of Vars in System Planning H．H．HAPP,and K．A．WIRGAU;General Electric Company,Schenectady 1019

Turbine-Generator Mechanical Requirements Due to Power System Interactions H．E．LOKAY,C．RACZKOWSKI,and D．G．RANEY;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1026

ELECTRICAL Ⅱ—PCB REPLACEMENT 1035

The Non-PCB Power Capactior—Environmental Compatibility and Capacitor Performance G．R．NEWCOMB,and R．A．STENGER;General Electric Company,Hudson Falls,New York 1035

Wemcol Capacitor Fluid Development GEORGE E．MERCIER,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Bloomington,Indiana 1043

A New Dielectric Fluid for Power Capacitors JOHN LAPP,McGraw-Edison Company,Greenwood,South Carolina 1052

PCB Replacement in Transformers HARRY R．SHEPPARD,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,Sharon,Pennsylvania 1062

Silicone-Liquid-Filled Transformers R．A．NELSON,General Electric Company,Rome,Georgia 1069

ELECTRICAL Ⅲ—OPERATION AND RELIABILITY 1075

Optimal Power System Operation Analysis Techniques KHALIL NAJAF-ZADEH,and JAMES T．NIKOLAS;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago S．W．ANDERSON,Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1075

Experience in Maintaining and Using a Large On-Line Power Flow Model EUGENE E．CIESIELSKI,DENNIS G．FRIEND,and KENNETH J．ROONEY;Commonwealth Edison Company,Chicago 1082

Reliability and Adequacy of North American Electric Bulk Power Supply KENNETH E．WOLTERS,Wisconsin Electric Power Company,Milwaukee 1090

Application of the Emergency Operating Procedures Analysis in Generation System Reliability J．F．KENNEY,New York Power Pool,Schenectady R．W．MOISAN,General Electric Company,Schenectady 1098

Multilevel Generation Control ofPower Pools and Superpools H．H．HAPP,General Electric Company,Schenectady J．E．KOEHLER,New York Power Pool,Schenectady 1104

A Program for UHV Transmission H．N．SCHERER,JR．,and B．J．WARE;American Electric Power Service Corporation,New York H．B．THOREN,ASEA,Vasteras,Sweden 1109

ELECTRICAL Ⅳ—TRANSMISSION Ⅰ 1109

Study of the Optimum Development of Transmission Systems With Superimposed Voltage Levels U．MAGANOLI,G．MANZONI,M．SFORZINI,and A．TASCHINI;ENEL-Centro di Ricerca Elettrica,Milan,Italy 1121

Static Var Generators for Transmission Systems JOHN H．CRONIN,and W．JOHN LORDEON;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh GERALD B．OSTROSKI,Minnesota Power Light Company,Duluth 1133

Test Performance and Operating Experience With the Navajo SSR Protective Equipment C．E．J．BOWLER,and D．H．BAKER;General Electric Company,Schenectady N．A．MINCER,P．R．VANDIVEER,and F．ROSE;Salt River Project,Phoenix 1144

ELECTRICAL Ⅴ—DISTRIBUTION 1155

Electrical Loads Can Be Forecasted for Distribution Planning E．E．MENGE,V．F．WILREKER,and J．E．D．NORTCOTE-GREEN;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1155

Unique Computer Optimization Program Obsoletes Rule-of-Thumb Distribution System Improvement Methods ERIC SHUFORD,Carolina Power and Light Company,Raleigh,North Carolina J．BRYAN,Allis-Chalmers Corporation,Gadsden,Alabama 1163

The New National Electrical Safety Code ANSI C2 FRANK A．DENBROCK,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1169

ELECTRICAL Ⅵ—TRANSMISSION Ⅱ 1183

HVDC Transmission Assessment K．R．SHAH,W．F．GRIFFARD,and F．A．DENBROCK;Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1183

Technical and Environmental Considerations in the Design of the Square Butte HVDC Transmission Terminals I．VANCERS,Minnesota Power Light Company,Duluth A．MOLNAR,General Electric Company,Schenectady J．FINK,General Electric Company,Philadelphia 1191

Transient Overvoltages Resulting From Fault Initiation in Series-Compensated Systems V．MADZAREVIC,Southern California Edison Company,Los Angeles R．G．ROCAMORA,McGraw-Edison Company,Canonsburg,Pennsylvania 1202

Field Measurements of the Electrical Effects of EHV Transmission Lines W．J．FERN,Commonwealth Edison Company,Maywood,Illinois R．A．ZALEWSKI,IIT Research Institute,Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago 1207

ELECTRICAL Ⅶ—DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 1226

Electronic Versus Conventional Controls in Power Plants:Advantages and Disadvantages EUGENE ZAKIS,Sargent Lundy,Chicago 1226

ELECTRICAL Ⅷ—GENERATION 1231

Some New Considerations in Generating Unit Protection M．S．BALDWIN,and J．J．BONK;Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh 1231

Improving Protection of Unit-Connected Generators ERIC T．B．GROSS,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Troy,New York 1240

ELECTRICAL Ⅸ—TRANSMISSION Ⅲ 1246

Electrostatic Induction Measurements on Mobile Objects Conducted at the Apple Grove 750-kV Project M．D．PERKINS,Westinghouse Electric Corporation,East Pittsburgh H．J．NOWAK,Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation,Syracuse,New York 1246

Investigation of Electric Fields of EHV Substations STEPHEN A．SEBO,and ROSS CALDECOTT;The Ohio State University,Columbus 1259

Submarine Transmission From an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant JAMES A．NELSON,Gilbert/Commonwealth,Jackson,Michigan 1270

ELECTRICAL Ⅹ—SUBSTATIONS 1278

PROBE—A Feasibility Demonstration of Substation and Distribution Automation J．F．CROGHAN,and D．R．JENKINS;Commonwealth Edison Company,Maywood,Illinois F．A．RUSHDEN,Niagara Mohawk Power Company,Syracuse,New York J．B．BUNCH,and G．P．GURR,General 1278

Lightning Protection Requirements of SF6 Substation Determined by Hybrid Simulator R．A．HEDIN, J．J．MINNICK,and K．W．PRIEST;Allis-Chalmers Corporation,West Allis,Wisconsin J．D．TRANEN,New England Electric System,Westborough,Massachusetts 1288

Gas-Insulated Switchgear Solves Difficult Problems at Hydroelectric Plants EDGAR A．COOPER,and JAMES T．NIKOLAS;Harza Engineering Company,Chicago 1295