Part 1 Translation Skills 1
Chapter 1 Word Features and Translation skills 3
1.1 Word Features 3
1.2 The Skills in the Translation of Words 4
Chapter 2 Transformation of Sentence Constituents 7
2.1 Transformation of Adverbial to Subject 7
2.2 Transformation of Object to Subject 8
2.3 Transformation of Predicative to Subject 9
2.4 Transformation of Attribute to Subject 9
2.5 Transformation of Predicate to Subject 10
2.6 Transformation of Subject to Predicate 10
2.7 Transformation of Predicative to Predicate 10
2.8 Transformation of Attribute to Predicate 11
2.9 Transformation of Adverbial to Attribute 11
2.10 Transformation of Subject to Object 12
2.11 Transformation of Attribute to Adverbial 12
2.12 Transformation of Adverbial to Complement 13
Chapter 3 Adjustment of Word and Sentence Order 14
3.1 Adjustment of Word Order 14
3.2 Adjustment of Sentence Order 18
Chapter 4 Translation of Passive Voice 21
4.1 Translation to Active Sentence 21
4.2 Translation to Passive Sentence 23
4.3 Translation to Sentence with No Subject 23
Chapter 5 Translation of Attributive Clause 25
5.1 Translation of Restrictive Clause 25
5.2 Translation of Non-restrictive Clause 28
Part 2 Reading 33
Chapter 6 The Environment and Environmental Issues 35
6.1 What is"The Environment" 35
6.2 Global Environmental Issues 37
Chapter 7 Environmental Economics 40
7.1 What is Environmental Economics 40
7.2 Concepts 40
7.3 Solutions 41
Chapter 8 Water Pollution 44
8.1 Water Pollution Problems 44
8.2 Sewage Treatment 46
Chapter 9 Microorganisms 53
9.1 Biological Components of Sewage 53
9.2 Anaerobic Digestion 57
Chapter 10 Air Pollution 60
10.1 Air Pollution Problems 60
10.2 Air Pollutants 63
10.3 Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health 66
Chapter 11 Solid Waste 82
11.1 Solid Waste Problems 82
11.2 Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Waste 85
Part 3 Writing 89
Chapter 12 The Abstract 91
12.1 The Abstract and Its Function 91
12.2 The Classification of Abstract 92
12.3 The Abstract Writing 100
Chapter 13 Scientific Paper 104
13.1 Title 105
13.2 Author 107
13.3 Introduction 108
13.4 Materials and Methods 115
13.5 Results and Discussion 124
13.6 Conclusion 143
13.7 Acknowledgments 146
13.8 References 147
References 155