Part Ⅰ About Communication 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
1.1 The Importance of Communication 2
1.2 Functions of Communication 3
1.2.1 To Inform 3
1.2.2 To Persuade 3
1.2.3 To Promote Goodwill 3
1.2.4 To Build Self-Esteem 3
1.3 The Communication Process 4
1.3.1 The Sender 4
1.3.2 The Message 4
1.3.3 The Channel 4
1.3.4 The Receiver 4
1.3.5 The Feedback 5
1.4 Forms of Communication 5
1.4.1 External and Internal Communication 5
1.4.2 Downward,Upward and Lateral Communication 5
1.4.3 Written,Oral,and Electronic Communication 6
1.5 Responsibilities of Participants 6
1.5.1 The Sender's Responsibilities 6
1.5.2 The Receiver's Responsibilities 7
1.6 Summary 7
Words List 7
Notes 8
Exercises 9
Chapter 2 Barriers to Communication 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1 What are the Barriers to Communication? 11
2.1.2 A Typical Case about the Way of Entertaining Guests 12
2.2 Basic Reasons to Make Barriers to Communication 13
2.2.1 Difference in Understanding 13
2.2.2 Difference in Language 13
2.2.3 Difference in Culture 14
2.2.4 Pre-Judgment 15
2.2.5 Relationship 15
2.2.6 Emotional Response 16
2.2.7 Lack of Interest in the Subject Matter 16
2.3 Necessity to Overcome Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication 16
2.3.1 Bad Effects of Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication 16
2.3.2 A Typical Case 17
2.4 How to Overcome Barriers to Cross-cultural Communication 18
2.4.1 Learning to Respect Each Other's Cultures 19
2.4.2 Be Objective about the Cultural Differences 19
2.4.3 Pay Attention to the Language Barriers 19
2.4.4 Using Skills in Cross-Cultural Communication 19
2.5 Summary 20
Words List 20
Notes 21
Exercises 21
Chapter 3 Oral Presentation 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3.1.1 A Brief Introduction to Oral Presentation 23
3.1.2 Two Kinds of Oral Presentation According to Their Functions 24
3.2 Preparing for an Oral Presentation 24
3.2.1 The Necessity to Prepare for an Oral Presentation 24
3.2.2 How to Prepare an Oral Presentation 24
3.2.3 Selecting a Topic 25
3.2.4 Making a Good Outline 26
3.2.5 Collecting the Data Required 26
3.3 Writing an Oral Presentation 27
3.3.1 The Necessity to Write an Oral Presentation 27
3.3.2 How to Write an Oral Presentation 27
3.4 How to Deliver an Oral Presentation 29
3.4.1 The Ways to Deliver an Oral Presentation 29
3.4.2 Some Useful Suggestions on Oral Presentation Delivery 30
3.5 Summary 31
Words List 32
Notes 32
Exercises 33
Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication 36
4.1 Introduction 36
4.1.1 The Role of Nonverbal Communication 36
4.1.2 The Functions of Nonverbal Communication 37
4.2 Nonverbal Symbols in Spoken Language 37
4.2.1 Body Language 37
4.2.2 Facial Expressions 38
4.2.3 Eye Contact 38
4.2.4 Voice and Paralanguage 39
4.2.5 Personal Space 39
4.2.6 Touching 40
4.2.7 Appearance,Shape and Self-image 41
4.3 Nonverbal Symbols in Written Message 41
4.4 Nonverbal Symbols in the Settings 41
4.4.1 Furniture and Decoration 42
4.4.2 Color 42
4.5 Summary 42
Words List 42
Notes 44
Exercises 45
Part Ⅱ How to Write 47
Chapter 5 Steps to Write Effectively 48
5.1 Introduction 48
5.2 Determining Purpose 50
5.3 Assembling All the Relevant Information 51
5.4 Organizing Information 52
5.5 Outlining 52
5.6 Drafting 53
5.6.1 Stressing Benefits,Not Features 53
5.6.2 Adopting a Plain Writing Style 54
5.7 Revising Your First Draft 54
5.8 Summary 57
Words List 57
Notes 57
Exercises 58
Chapter 6 Writing with Style 60
6.1 Introduction 60
6.2 Clarity 61
6.2.1 Words 61
6.2.2 Sentences 62
6.2.3 Paragraphs 64
6.3 Appropriate Tone 64
6.3.1 Considering the Purpose of Your Document 65
6.3.2 Considering Your Reader Before Writing 65
6.3.3 The Tone You Should Use 66
6.3.4 The Tone You Should Use with a Negative Message 70
6.4 Good Grammar 71
6.4.1 Noun Usage 71
6.4.2 Pronoun Usage 71
6.4.3 Preposition Usage 72
6.4.4 Verbs Usage 72
6.4.5 Subject-Verb Agreement 74
6.5 Summary 75
Words List 76
Notes 76
Exercises 77
Chapter 7 Good News,Bad News and Persuasive Writing 79
7.1 Good News or Routine Letters Writing 79
7.1.1 The Direct Approach 79
7.1.2 Routine Requests 80
7.1.3 Routine or Good News Replies 82
7.2 Bad News or Refusals Writing 82
7.2.1 The Indirect Approach 82
7.2.2 Some Examples of Bad News or Refusal 83
7.3 Persuasive Writing 84
7.3.1 The Purpose of Persuasive Writing 84
7.3.2 The Basic Order for Persuasion 85
7.3.3 Some Examples of Persuasive Writing 85
7.4 Summary 88
Words List 89
Notes 89
Exercises 90
PartⅢ Practical Writing 93
Chapter 8 Writing Memos,Letters and E-mails 94
8.1 Introduction 94
8.2 Memos 95
8.2.1 What is a Memo? 95
8.2.2 Layout of Memos 96
8.2.3 The Body of Memo 98
8.2.4 Memos Style 101
8.3 Letter 101
8.3.1 What's Letter? 101
8.3.2 Format for Writing Letters 102
8.3.3 Layout of Letter 105
8.4 E-mail 107
8.4.1 What's E-mail? 107
8.4.2 The Properties of E-mail 108
8.4.3 Layout of E-mail 109
8.4.4 E-mail Etiquette 111
8.5 Summary 115
Words List 116
Notes 116
Exercises 117
Chapter 9 Writing Reports ＆ Proposals 119
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Types of Reports 120
9.2.1 Style 120
9.2.2 Purpose 120
9.2.3 Format 120
9.3 Steps in Planning Reports 120
9.3.1 Identify the Problem 121
9.3.2 Decide on the Field and the Scope to Investigate 121
9.3.3 Plan the Research 121
9.3.4 Develop a Preliminary Outline 121
9.3.5 Collect the Data 122
9.3.6 Analyze Data,Draw Conclusions,and Make Recommendations 123
9.4 What Included in a Report 123
9.4.1 A Letter of Transmittal 123
9.4.2 A Title Page 124
9.4.3 An Abstract or Synopsis 124
9.4.4 A Contents Page 125
9.5 The Report Itself 125
9.6 Parts of the Report 126
9.6.1 Introduction 126
9.6.2 Procedures 127
9.6.3 Conclusions 129
9.6.4 Recommendations 129
9.6.5 References 129
9.6.6 Additional Sections that May be Required 129
9.7 How to Write Proposals 130
9.7.1 Introduction 130
9.7.2 Gathering Background Information(before Writing) 131
9.7.3 Components of Proposals 132
9.7.4 Writing Proposals 132
9.8 Summary 135
Words List 136
Notes 137
Exercises 138
Chapter 10 Writing Meeting Minutes,Meeting Summaries ＆ Press Release 140
10.1 Introduction of Minutes 141
10.1.1 The Types of Minutes 141
10.1.2 The Contents and Structure of Minutes 142
10.1.3 The Style and Language of Minutes 143
10.1.4 Some Examples of Minutes 144
10.2 Introduction of Meeting Summary 145
10.2.1 The Rules of Writing Meeting Summary 145
10.2.2 The Structure and Currently Model of Summary 146
10.2.3 The Style and Examples of Summary 148
10.3 Introduction of Press Release 150
10.3.1 The Structure of Press Release 151
10.3.2 Some Rules of Writing News Release 152
10.3.3 Examples of Press Release 153
10.4 Summary 155
Words List 156
Notes 157
Exercises 159
Chapter 11 Writing Contracts 162
11.1 Introduction 164
11.1.1 What is Contract? 164
11.1.2 Collection of Basic Contract Documents 165
11.2 The Categories of Contract 166
11.3 The Structure of Contract 166
11.3.1 Preamble of a Contract 166
11.3.2 Main Body of a Contract 167
11.3.3 Final Clauses 170
11.4 Selection of the Words 170
11.4.1 Choice of Synonyms 170
11.4.2 Words with Multi-Interpretations 171
11.4.3 Other Technical Terms and Expressions in Contracts 172
11.5 Some Examples for Contract 173
11.6 Summary 176
Words List 176
Notes 178
Exercises 181
Chapter 12 Writing to Instruct and Describe 183
12.1 Introduction 183
12.2 Writing Instructions 183
12.2.1 Components of Instructions 183
12.2.2 Guidelines of Writing Instructions 185
12.2.3 Examples of Instructions 187
12.2.4 How to Write Manuals 189
12.3 Writing Descriptions 190
12.3.1 Components of Descriptions 191
12.3.2 Examples of Some Description Writings 192
12.4 Summary 196
Words List 196
Notes 198
Exercises 199
Chapter 13 Writing Resume 200
13.1 Introduction 202
13.1.1 The Details of Resume 202
13.1.2 The Description of Content of Resume 203
13.2 Some Rules of Resume 205
13.2.1 Contents of Resume 205
13.2.2 Language of Resume 206
13.2.3 Layout of Resume 206
13.3 The Categories of Resume 207
13.3.1 Basic Resume 207
13.3.2 Chronological Resume 208
13.3.3 Functional Resume 210
13.3.4 Chrono-Functional Resume 212
13.4 Summary 214
Words List 215
Notes 216
Exercises 218
Part Ⅳ Other Skills to Improve Your Writing 221
Chapter 14 Use of Punctuation 222
14.1 Introduction 222
14.2 End Punctuation 222
14.2.1 Period"." 223
14.2.2 Question Mark"?" 223
14.2.3 Exclamation Mark"!" 224
14.3 The Comma 224
14.4 The Semicolon 227
14.5 The Colon 228
14.6 The Dash 229
14.7 The Parenthesis 229
14.8 The Brackets 230
14.9 The Hyphen 230
14.10 The Quotation Marks 231
14.11 The Ellipsis 232
14.12 The Apostrophe 232
14.13 Summary 233
Words List 234
Notes 236
Exercises 237
Chapter 15 Write with Statistics 239
15.1 Introduction 239
15.2 Functions of Statistics in Writing 240
15.2.1 To Make the Facts of Business Writing be Convinced 240
15.2.2 To Display Information Visually 241
15.2.3 To Summarize the Developing Trends 242
15.3 How to Collect the Needed Statistics 242
15.3.1 Existing Sources 243
15.3.2 Statistical Studies 243
15.3.3 Data Acquisition Errors 244
15.4 Write with Statistics 244
15.4.1 Descriptive Statistics 244
15.4.2 Statistics Inference 248
15.5 Summary 249
Words List 250
Notes 250
Exercises 252
Answers for Reference 255
参考文献 274