PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING 2
CHAPTER 1 Speaking in Public 2
The Power of Public Speaking 3
The Tradition of Public Speaking 5
Public Speaking and Intercultural Communicative Competence 6
Public Speaking and Critical Thinking 7
Public Speaking and Conversation 8
Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation 8
Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation 9
The Speech Communication Process 10
Speaker 10
Message 10
Channel 10
Listener 11
Feedback 11
Interference 11
Situation 12
The Speech Communication Process:Example with Commentary 12
CHAPTER 2 Speaking Confidently and Ethically 16
Becoming a Confident Speaker 17
Nervousness Is Normal 17
Dealing with Nervousness 18
Being an Ethical Speaker 23
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 24
Plagiarism 26
CHAPTER 3 Giving Your First Speech 32
Preparing Your Speech 33
Developing the Speech 33
Organizing the Speech 34
Delivering Your Speech 36
Speaking Extemporaneously 36
Rehearsing the Speech 37
Presenting the Speech 38
Sample Speeches with Commentary 38
PART 2 SPEECH PREPARATION:GETTING STARTED 44
CHAPTER 4 Selecting a Topic and a Purpose 44
Choosing a Topic 45
Topics You Know a Lot About 46
Topics You Want to Know More About 46
Brainstorming for Topics 46
Determining the General Purpose 49
Determining the Specific Purpose 49
Phrasing the Central Idea 53
CHAPTER 5 Analyzing the Audience 58
Audience-Centeredness 59
The Psychology of Audiences 60
Factors in Audience Analysis 60
Size 60
Physical Setting 61
Demographic Traits 62
Disposition Toward the Topic 62
Disposition Toward the Speaker 64
Disposition Toward the Occasion 64
Getting Information About the Audience 64
Adapting to the Audience 67
Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 67
Audience Adaptation During the Speech 69
Audience Adaptation After the Speech 69
CHAPTER 6 Supporting Your Ideas 72
Examples 73
Brief Examples 73
Extended Examples 74
Hypothetical Examples 74
Tips for Using Examples 75
Statistics 76
Single Statistics 76
Multiple Statistics 77
Tips for Using Statistics 77
Testimony 79
Expert Testimony 80
Peer Testimony 80
Tips for Using Testimony 80
Sample Speech with Commentary 83
PART 3 SPEECH PREPARATION:ORGANIZING AND OUTLING 88
CHAPTER 7 Organizing the Body of the Speech 88
Main Points 89
Strategic Order of Main Points 90
Tips for Preparing Main Points 95
Supporting Materials 96
Connectives 97
Transitions 97
Internal Previews 98
Internal Summaries 98
Signposts 99
CHAPTER 8 Beginning and Ending the Speech 102
The Introduction 103
Get Attention and Interest 103
Create a Positive Relationship with the Audience 108
Establish Credibility 108
Preview the Body of the Speech 109
Sample Introduction with Commentary 110
Tips for the Introduction 111
The Conclusion 111
Signal the End of the Speech 112
Reinforce the Central Idea 113
Sample Conclusion with Commentary 115
Tips for the Conclusion 116
CHAPTER 9 Outlining the Speech 118
The Preparation Outline 119
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 119
Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 122
The Speaking Outline 124
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 124
Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 126
PART 4 PRESENTING THE SPEECH 130
CHAPTER 10 Using Language 130
Using Language Accurately 131
Using Language Clearly 132
Use Familiar Words 132
Choose Concrete Words 133
Eliminate Clutter 134
Using Language Vividly 135
Imagery 136
Rhythm 137
Using Language Appropriately 139
Appropriateness to the Occasion 139
Appropriateness to the Audience 140
Appropriateness to the Topic 140
Appropriateness to the Speaker 140
Using Language Inclusively 141
CHAPTER 11 Delivering the Speech 146
What Is Good Delivery? 147
Methods of Delivery 147
Reading from a Manuscript 147
Reciting from Memory 148
Speaking Impromptu 148
Speaking Extemporaneously 149
The Speaker's Voice 150
Volume 150
Pitch 150
Rate 150
Pauses 151
Vocal Variety 151
Pronunciation 152
Articulation 152
The Speaker's Body 153
Personal Appearance 153
Eye Contact 154
Gestures 154
Movement 154
Practicing Delivery 155
CHAPTER 12 Using Visual Aids 160
Kinds of Visual Aids 161
Objects and Models 161
Photographs and Drawings 161
Graphs 162
Charts 163
Video 164
The Speaker 164
PowerPoint 165
Tips for Preparing Visual Aids 166
Keep Visual Aids Simple 166
Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 167
Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 167
Use Color Effectively 167
Tips for Presenting Visual Aids 168
Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 168
Explain Visual Aids 169
Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 169
Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 170
Talk to Your Audience,Not to Your Visual Aids 170
Practice with Your Visual Aids 170
Check the Room and Equipment 170
Develop a Backup Plan 171
Sample Speech with Commentary 172
PART 5 VARIETIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 176
CHAPTER 13 Speaking to Inform 176
Types of Informative Speeches:Analysis and Organization 177
Speeches About Objects 177
Speeches About Processes 179
Speeches About Events 181
Speeches About Concepts 182
Tips for Informative Speaking 184
Don't Overestimate What the Audience Knows 184
Don't Be Too Technical 185
Personalize Your Ideas 185
Avoid Abstractions 186
Be Creative 187
Sample Speech with Commentary 187
CHAPTER 14 Speaking to Persuade 192
The Psychology of Persuasion 193
The Target Audience 194
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 195
Analyzing Questions of Fact 195
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 196
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 197
Analyzing Questions of Value 197
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 198
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 199
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 199
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 200
Methods of Persuasion 205
Building Credibility 205
Using Evidence 208
Reasoning 209
Appealing to Emotions 215
Sample Speech with Commentary 216
CHAPTER 15 Speaking on Special Occasions 222
Speeches of Introduction 223
Speeches of Presentation 225
Speeches of Acceptance 226
Toasts 227
Commemorative Speeches 229
CHAPTER 16 Speaking in Competitions 234
Competitions as Communication 235
Prepared Speech 236
Preparation and Presentation 236
Creativity 236
Sample Speech with Commentary 237
Impromptu Speech 239
Preparation and Presentation 240
Developing a Fund of Knowledge 240
Sample Speeches with Commentary 242
Question-and-Answer Session 243
Preparation and Presentation 244
Sample Speech with Commentary 245
Debate 246
Strategies and Techniques 246
Preparation and Practice 248
Sample Speech with Commentary 249