Chapter 1 Introduction to Carrier Network Architectures 1
IP as Unifying Protocol Infrastructure 1
The Traditional Carrier Network Architecture 2
Achieving Long-Haul Connectivity with Optical Transmission 4
Delivering Multiplexed Services 4
Synchronous Transmission Standards 5
Building a Complex SONET/SDH Carrier Network 7
Multiplexing and Framing Standards 9
Providing Carrier Class Network Availability 13
Adding Versatility with Asynchronous Transfer Mode 14
ATM Reference Model 15
Introducing Statistical Multiplexing 16
Transport Multiple Services across a Single Network 17
AAL1 18
AAL2 19
AAL3/4 20
AAL5 20
ATM Services 22
ATM Virtual Connections 23
Permanent Virtual Connection 23
Switched Virtual Connection 23
ATM Switching Operation 24
ATM Addressing 24
Subnetwork Model of Addressing 25
NSAP-Format ATM Addresses 25
ATM Address Common Components 25
ATM Quality of Service 26
ATM Signaling and Connection Establishment Overview 27
ATM Connection Establishment Procedure 28
Signaling Standards 28
Connection Request Routing and Negotiation 29
Providing Internet Services at the IP Layer 29
Introducing the IP Layer on Top of the ATM Layer 29
Using Multiprotocol Label Switching for Delivering IP Services 31
Scalability Issues of Standard IP Routing Protocols 31
The Concept of Using Labels as Forwarding Information 32
MPLS-Based Applications 36
Next-Generation Carrier Networks 38
Eliminating Intermediate Layers in the Backbone 39
IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM(1) 40
IP over ATM over WDM(2) 41
IP over SONET/SDH over WDM(3) 41
IP over WDM(4) 41
Handling Fiber Capacity Exhaust 41
Adding Intelligence to the Optical Layer 42
Summary 44
Recommended Reading 44
Standardiation Activities and Targets 47
Chapter 2 Optical Networking Standardization 47
Activities of the T1 Committee and Its T1×1 Subcommittee 48
Optical Networking Standardization Framework(G.871) 48
OTN Architecture(G.872) 50
Layered Structure 50
OCH Layer Network 51
Optical Multiplex Section(OMS)Layer Network 52
Optical Transmission Section(OTS)Layer Network 52
OMS/OTS Adaptation 53
OCH/OMS Adaptation 53
Client Signal/OCH Adaptation 53
Interlayer Adaptation 53
Activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IEEE) 54
10-Gbps Ethernet 54
Resilient Packet Rings 55
Activities of the Optical Internetworking Forum(OIF) 57
OIF Mission 57
Standard Physical Layer Interface 59
Optical User-to-Network Interface(O-UNI) 60
IP-Centric Control and Signaling for Optical Paths 60
Activities of the IETF 64
Summary 64
Recommended Reading 65
Chapter 3 Optical Networking Technology Fundamentals 67
Optical Transmission Technologies 67
Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM) 68
Attenuation 70
Dispersion 71
Nonlinear Effects 73
Optical Amplifiers 74
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio(OSNR) 74
Optical Transmission Systems 74
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(EDFAs) 75
Praseodynamium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers(PDFAs) 77
Amplifier Control 78
DWDM Systems 79
Wavelength Routers 83
Electrical Wavelength Routers 85
Hybrid Wavelength Routers 86
Optical Wavelength Routers 87
Data Transmission Technologies 90
Packet over SONET/SDH(POS) 91
PPP Encapsulation 92
Framing 94
Interface Format 95
Transmission Rate 96
Payload Scrambling 97
Parallel Implementation 98
Word-Oriented POS Framing 98
PPP over SONET/SDH at OC-192c/STM-64c 98
Automatic Protection Switching(APS) 101
APS Channel Protocol 101
Cisco s APS Implementation 103
APS Switchover Process 105
APS Network Layer Interaction 105
Dynamic Packet Transport(DPT) 105
Encapsulation 107
IP Data Packets 109
Control Packets 110
ATM Data Packets 110
Usage Packets 112
SRP Phylical Layer Implementation 112
Framing 112
Interface Format 113
Transmission Rate 113
Packet Handling Procedures 113
Topology Discovery 113
Packet Processing 115
Multicasting 116
Packet Priority 117
SRP Fairness Algorithm 118
Intelligent Protection Switching 120
IPS Messages 121
IPS Message Handling State Machine 124
Node Pass-Through Mode 126
Network Management 126
Clocking and Synchronization 126
Encapsulation Overhead 127
Data Transmission Technology Comparison 127
Framing Overhead 128
MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) 133
MPLS-TE Architecture 133
Why MPLS-TE 133
MPLS-TE Components 135
Defining the Term Traffic Trunk 137
Path Selection Policy 138
Resource Class Affinity 138
Bandwidth 138
MPLS-TE Attributes 138
Trunk Attributes 138
Priority/Preemption 139
Adaptability 139
Resilience 139
Resource Class 140
Administrative Weight 140
Information Distribution 140
Available Bandwidth 140
Resource Attributes 140
Bandwidth Accounting 141
OSPF Extensions 142
Router Address TLV 145
Link TLV 145
IS-IS Extensions 146
Router ID TLV 147
Extended IP Reachability TLV 147
Extended IS Reachability TLV 147
Path Computation and Selection 148
LSP Setup Procedure 149
LSP Tunnel Setup 149
LSP Setup Request 150
Admission Control 151
Explicit Routing 151
Label Allocation and LSP Establishment 151
RSVP Extensions 152
IP Routing using MPLS-TE 153
MPLS-TE Protection 157
Path Protection 157
Optimizing Path Protection 159
Restoration Time 159
Link/Node Protection 160
Network Survivability Principles 161
Defining Survivability 162
Survivability Concepts 163
Protection 164
Restoration 164
1:N Protection 165
1:1 Protection 165
Protection Types 165
Protection Techniques 165
1+1 Protection 165
Protection Switching Characteristics 166
Protection in Ring Networks 167
Two-Fiber UPSR 167
Two-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(2-Fiber BLSRs) 169
Four-Fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings(4-Fiber BLSR) 171
Protection Ring Comparison 172
Prenegotiated versus Dynamic Protection 173
MPLS Restoration 173
End-to-End versus Local Restoration 174
Protection Switching Options 174
1+1 Protection 174
1:N and N:M Protection 174
Network Survivability Design 175
Survivability Mechanism Categories 175
Dedicated Protection 175
Restoration Time 176
Restoration 176
Shared Protection 176
Survivability Mechanism Comparison 178
Multilayer Survivability 180
Survivability Design Trends for Optical Networks 180
Eliminating SONET/SDH and ATM 180
Putting Intelligence into the Optical Core 181
Summary 182
Optical Transmission Technologies 183
Optical Transmission Systems 183
Recommended Reading 183
Data Transmission Technologies 184
Packet over SONET/SDH 184
Dynamic Packet Transport(DPT) 184
MPLS Traffic Engineering(MPLS-TE) 184
Network Survivability Principles 185
Chapter 4 Existing and Future Optical Control Planes 187
Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 189
Static IP Optical Overlay Model 189
IP Service Infrastructure 189
IP/Optical Adaptation 191
Two-Layer Architecture Implementation 192
Multiwavelength Transmission 194
Bandwidth Management 197
Static Optical Control Plane 198
IP Service Infrastructure Implementation 198
Small Point-to-Point Backbones or Backbone Interconnections 199
Large-Scale Hierarchical Backbones 200
POP Aggregation 204
Switched POP Aggregation 204
Point-to-Point POP Aggregation 206
DPT Fiber Ring POP Aggregation 207
Optical Transport Infrastructure Implementation 208
DWDM System Building Blocks 208
Transponders 210
WDM Network Design 211
Topology 211
Channel Spacing 212
Maximum Line Rate 213
Optical Power Budget 213
Restoration 215
Optical Protection 216
Optical Line Protection 216
Optical Channel Protection 218
Optical Multiplex Section Protection 219
Service Layer Restoration 221
Automatic Protection Switching 221
Intelligent Protection Switching 222
Application-Based Restoration 223
IP Restoration 223
Layer 3 Route Convergence 224
Load balancing 224
MPLS-TE Fast Reroute 225
Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 226
Wavelength Routing Overlay Model 227
Architecture and Elements 228
Wavelength Routing Control Plane 231
Lightpath Provisioning 234
Centralized Lightpath Routing 236
Lightpath Attributes 236
Distributed Lightpath Routing 237
Optical UNI Signaling 239
Wavelength Conversion 240
Restoration 240
Protection Strategy 241
Prenegotiated Protection 241
Hierarchical Protection 243
Local Protection 243
Advanced Protection Concepts 243
QoS Levels 243
On-Demand Protection 243
Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane 244
Applicability Considerations 245
Advantages 245
Comparing WRs and LSRs 245
Comparing LSPs and Lightpaths 246
MPLmS Model 247
Architecture and Elements 248
MPLmS Control Plane 249
Optical Routing 252
Lightpath Provisioning 252
Topology Discovery 253
Optical Link State Advertisement 254
Optical LSA Objects 254
Constrained-Based Routing 256
Lightpath (Optical LSP) Signaling 257
Concept of Nested LSPs 257
RSVP Setup Procedure 258
Optical LSP Setup 258
Optical LSP Setup in an OTN without Wavelength Conversion 260
LSP Aggregation 261
Using MPLmSin the Overlay Model 262
Restoration 263
Summary 263
Recommended Reading 264
Static IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 264
Dynamic IP Optical Overlay Control Plane 265
Integrated IP Optical Peer Control Plane 265
Optical End-to-End Networking Design Trends 267
Chapter 5 Optical Networking Applications and Case Examples 267
Service POP 268
Metro Solutions 272
IP and Optical Metro Evolution 273
Core Solutions 276
IP and Optical Core Evolution 277
Conclusions 278
Case Example A:Next-Generation Storage Networks 279
Application Requirements 283
Common Solutions 283
Application Requirements 285
Case Example B:Next-Generation Internet Service Provider 285
Common Solutions 286
Case Example C:Next-Generation Carrier 293
Application Requirements 294
Common Solutions 294
Summary 300
Recommended Reading 301
Glossary 303
Notes 311
Index 317