CHAPTER 1 Welcome to Molecular Biology!GEORGE M.MALACIVSKI 3
Goals of Molecular Biology 3
The Early Years 4
Model Biological Systems 5
Methodology of Molecular Biology 9
Rapid Progress in Molecular Biology 12
Putting the Details of Molecular Biology in Perspective 14
Concepts of Molecular Biology 16
Progression Diagram 17
Rewards from Studying Molecular Biology 17
CHAPTER 2 MacromoleculesGEoRGE M MALACINSKI 23
Chemical Structures of the Major Classes of Macromolecules 24
Noncovalent Interactions that Determine the Three-dimensionalStructures of Proteins and Nucleic Acids 28
Macromolecule Isolation and Characterization 31
CHAPTER 3 Nucleic Acids ROBERT CEDERGREN 39
Physical and Chemical Structure of DNA 40
Alternate DNA Structures 43
Circular and Superhelical DNA 45
Renaturation 50
Hybridization 53
The Structure of RNA 55
Hydrolysis of Nucleic Acids 56
Sequencing Nucleic Acids 58
Synthesis of DNA 60
A Future Practical Application? 62
CHAPTER 4 The Physical Structure ofProtein Molecules ALEXANDRA CYNTNv NETON 67
Basic Features of Protein Molecules 68
The Folding of a Polypeptide Chain 68
The a Helix and B3 Structures 70
Protein Structure 73
Proteins with Subunits 76
Enzymes 79
A Future Application 82
CHAPTER 5 Macromolecular Interactions and theStructure of Complex Aggregates GEORGE M.MALACINSKI 87
A Complex DNA Structure: The E. Coli Chromosome 88
Chromosomes and Chromatin 91
Interaction of DNA and Proteins that Recognize a Specic BaseSequence 96
Biological Membranes 99
Cytoskeletal Elements 102
A Future Practical Application? 103
CHAPTER 6 The Genetic MaterialROBERT L. SINSfEimER 109
Early Observations on the Mechanism of Heredity 110
Identication of DNA as the Genetic Material 112
Identication of RNA as the Genetic Material of Ceain Viruses 120
Properties of the Genetic Material 121
RNA as the Genetic Material 127
CHAPTER 7 DNA Replication KENNEn MAuANs 131
Semiconservative Replication of Double-Stranded DNA 132
Untwisting of Highly Coiled DNA Is Required for DNAReplication 133
Initiation of DNA Replication 136
Unwinding of DNA for Replication 139
Elongation of Newly Synthesized Strands 140
DNA Polymerase III Consists of Multiple Subunits 143
Antiparallel DNA Strands and Discontinuous Replication 145
The Complete DNA Replication System 152
Replication of Eukaotic Chromosomes 156
A Future Practical Application? 158
CHAPTER8 Transcription JOMN RKhkrosoN 163
Enzymatic Synthesis of RNA 164
Transcription Signals 166
Classes of RNA Molecules 171
Transcription in Eukaotes 174
Means of Studying Intracellular RNA 180
A Future Practical Application? 182
CHAPTER 9 Translation JOSEk IAN 187
Outline of Translation 188
The Genetic Code 189
The Wobble Hypothesis 194
Polycistronic mRNA 196
Overlapping Genes 196
Polypeptide Synthesis 198
Stages of Polypeptide Synthesis in Prokaotes 200
Complex Translation Units 204
Antibiotics 208
A Future Practical Application? 208
CHAPTER 10 Mutations Mutagenesisand DNA RepairPNjf C Hstgvwr 213
Types of Mutations 214
Biochemical Basis of Mutants 216
Mutagenesis 218
Spontaneous Mutations and Their Repair 220
Induced Mutations 223
Reversion 229
Reversion as a Means of Detecting Mutagens and Carcinogens 234
DNA Repair Mechanisms 236
Repair by Direct Reversal 236
Excision-Repair 237
Recombinational Repair 238
The SOS Response 240
Future Practical Applications? 243
CHAPTER 11 Regulation of Gene Activityin Prokaryotes SAmKAR L. ADHYA 251
Principles of Regulation 252
Transcriptional Regulation 253
Post-Transcriptional Control 272
Feedback Inhibition and Allosteric Control 274
A Future Practical Application? 276
CHAPTER 12 BacteriophageDAVID PARMA AND LARRY GOLD 281
Stages in the Lytic Life Cycle of a Typical Phage 283
Specic Phage 286
Transducing Phage 304
A Future Practical Application? 307
CHAPTER 13 Regulation of GeneActivity in EukaryotesHaNs-PETER MuLLER AND WALTER schAFFNER 311
Impoant Differences in the Genetic Organization of Prokaotesand Eukaotes 312
The Regulation of Transcription Initiation 313
The Regulation of RNA Processing 324
Regulation of Nucleocytoplasmic mRNA Transport 330
Regulation of mRNA Stability 331
Regulation of Translation 334
Regulation of Protein Activity 335
Gene Rearrangement: Joining of Coding Sequences in the ImmuneSystem 340
A Future Practical Application? 344
PART IVEXphjinmental Matioudaitian .of 1Mlacoomalales 349
CHAkER 14Plasmidsand TransposonsBARRY POLsKY 351
Plasmid-Borne Genes 353
Plasmid Transfer 354
Plasmid DNA Repcation 361
Transposable Elements 364
Transposable Elements in Eukaotes 374
A Future Practical Application? 375
CHAPTER 15 Recombinant DNA and GeneticEngineering Molecular Taailoringof Genes 1DooTnY m SkNmE.ANo Chrsn A. HouANo 381
Plasmids Act as Nature’s Interlopers 382
Restriction Enzymes Function as Nature’s Pinking Shears 382
Genetic Interlopers: Vectors Function as Vehicles for TransferngGenes 392
Detection of Recombinant DNA Molecules 399
Appcations of Genetic Engineering 403
CHAPRKR16 MOLECUlar Bloloyblologyis wxpanding its Reachpaacea L hnnatty 409
Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Research 410
Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine 417
Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology in Agriculture 427
Other Commercial and Industal Appcations 430
Molecular Biology: On the Front Line of the Battle Against AIDS 431
Social and Ethical Issues 433
APPENDIX Chemical Prin ifpies lrnporta forderstan fi kcuiar Biotogy A X 443
Structure of the Atom 444
Chemical Bonds 444
The Ionization of Water-The pH Scale 450
Organic Chemist 453
Concluding Note 469
List of Essential Concepts 471
Glossary 475
Referens for Further Reading 491
Answers to Questions and Problems 497
Index 515