Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 4
1-1 Physical and Chemical Changes 4
1-2 Molecules and Atoms 6
1-3 Atomic Weight 12
1-4 Elements and Their Symbols 13
1-5 Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight 15
Chapter 2 Air Oxygen 19
2-1 Air 19
2-2 Nitrogen Rare Gases 21
2-3 Oxygen 23
2-4 Elements and Compounds 30
2-5 Law of Conservation of Matter and Law of Definite Proportions 31
2-6 Calculations Based on Molecular Formulas 35
2-7 Chemical Equations 36
Chapter 3 Water Hydrogen 42
3-1 Water 42
3-2 Hydrogen 44
3-3 Valence 51
3-4 Calculations Based on Chemical Equations 56
Chapter 4 Carbon 62
4-1 Carbon 62
4-2 Oxides of Carbon and Carbonic Acid 66
4-3 Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate 71
4-4 Mole Molar Mass Molar Volume 74
4-5 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 83
Chapter 5 Some Elementary Concepts of Atomic and Molecular Structure 87
5-1 Composition of Atoms 88
5-2 Atomic Numbers and Isotopes 89
5-3 How Do Electrons Move Outside the Nuclcus 91
5-4 Structure of the Electron Shells of the Atom 93
5-5 Formation of Ionic Molecules 99
5-6 Formation of Covalent Molecules 101
5-7 Chemical Bonds 104
5-8 Nature of Valence 105
Chapter 6 Solutions 109
6-1 Suspension Emulsion Solution 109
6-2 Dissolving of Substances and Dissolving Equilibrium 111
6-3 Solubility 117
6-4 Dlssolution of Gases and Liquids 127
6-5 Concentration of the Solution 130
6-6 Electrolyte Solution 141
Chapter 7 Table Salt,Sodium and Chlorine 145
7-1 Table Salt 145
7-2 Electrolysls of Table Salt 146
7-3 Sodium 149
7-4 sodium Hydroxide 152
7-5 Chlorine 156
7-6 Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Aoid 161
7-7 Oxidation-reduction 165
Chapter 8 A General Discussion of Inorganic Compounds 170
8-1 Metals and Non-metals 171
8-2 Composition and Nomenclature of Acids,Bases and Salts 178
8-3 Properties of Acids und Bases 181
8-4 Properties of Salts 187
8-5 Oxides 191
Chapter 9 Periodic Law of Elements 195
9-1 Periodic Law of Elements 195
9-2 Periodic Table of Elements 202
9-3 Changes in Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table 204
9-4 Significance of the Periodic Law 211