Preface:Rationale for the Book;Its Layout 1
PartⅠ Review of Some Basic Usage Concepts 1
Chapter 1 Choosing the Right Word 5
1.1 General Remarks 5
1.2 Short Words or Long Words 5
1.3 Common Words,Learned Words or Specialized Words 7
1.4 General Words or Specific Words 8
1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words 10
1.6 Referential or Emotive Words 12
1.7 Choice Between(Among)Synonymous Words 13
1.8 Keeping Up with the Changing English Vocabulary 15
Questions and Exercises 16
Chapter 2 Choosing from Sentence Types 19
2.1 General Remarks 19
2.2 Long and Short Sentences 19
2.3 Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences 22
2.4 Types of Balanced Sentences 26
2.4.1 Parallelism 26
2.4.2 Antithesis 28
2.4.3 Chiasmus and Antimetabole 28
2.5 Omission or Addition in Sentences 29
2.5.1 Ellipsis 29
2.5.3 Asyndeton(Omission of Conjunctions) 30
2.5.2 Fragmentary Elliptical Sentences 30
2.5.4 Aposiopesis(Breaking off in Mid-sentence) 31
2.5.5 Polysyndeton(Use of Many Conjunctions) 32
2.5.6 Addition to Clarity by Making More Explicit 34
2.5.7 Addition by Amplification 34
2.5.8 Parenthesis 34
2.6 Types of Repetition in Sentences,in Whole or in Part 35
2.6.1 Repetition of Whole Sentences 35
2.6.2 Syntactic Anaphora:Repetition of Beginning Words 36
2.6.3 Syntactic Epiphora:Repetition of Ending Words 36
2.6.4 Syntactic Framing:Repetition of Beginning and Ending Words 36
2.7.2 Anti-climax 37
2.7 Climax and Anti-climax 37
2.7.1 Climax 37
Questions and Exercises 38
Chapter 3 The Rhetorical Use of Punctuation 39
3.1 General Remarks 39
3.2 Stops or Pause Marks 40
3.2.1 The Period and the Semi-colon 40
3.2.2 The Colon 42
3.2.3 The Comma 42
3.3 Parenthetical Marks 44
3.4 Specific Marks for Expression in Writing 46
Questions and Exercises 48
4.1 General Remarks 50
Chapter 4 Writing About Image and Imagery 50
4.2 Personification 52
4.3 Simile 56
4.4 Metaphor 60
4.5 Metonymy and Synecdoche 63
Questions and Exercises 68
Chapter 5 Quotations and Allusions 70
5.1 General Remarks on Quotations 70
5.2 Examples of Quoting,and of Crediting of Sources 71
5.2.1 Quoting from a Book 71
5.2.2 Quoting from a Play 73
5.2.3 Quoting from a Poem 75
5.3 Allusions and How to Explain Them 76
Questions and Exercises 78
Part Ⅱ Major Strategies in Academic Writing 84
Chapter 6 Defining 85
6.1 General Remarks 85
6.2 Techniques of Definition 86
6.3 Types of Extended Definitions 87
6.3.1 Giving More Explanatory/Descriptive Details 87
6.3.2 Exemplification 88
6.3.3 Comparison and Contrast 91
6.3.4 Supplying Sub-topics 92
6.3.5 Honing or Refining a Definition 95
6.4 Summary 97
Questions and Exercises 98
Chaper 7 Serializing 100
7.1 General Remarks 100
7.2 Techniques of Serializing 102
7.2.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance 102
7.2.2 In Order of Physical Location 103
7.3 Examples of Serializing 104
7.3.1 In Order of Time Sequence and/or Order of Importance 104
7.3.1.1 Directive Process Analysis 104
7.3.1.2 Informative Process Analysis 107
7.3.2.1 Physical Features of a Person 112
7.3.2 In Order of Physical Location 112
7.3.2.2 Physical Location of a Place 113
7.4 Summary 114
Questions and Exercises 114
Chapter 8 Comparison 117
8.1 General Remarks 117
8.2 Techniques of Comparison 119
8.2.1 Pattern 1 120
8.2.2 Pattern 2 120
8.2.3 Pattern 3 121
8.2.4 Pattern 4-Analogy and Metaphor 122
8.3 Examples of Comparison 123
Questions and Exercises 130
8.4 Summary 130
Chapter 9 Classification 134
9.1 General Remarks 134
9.2 Techniques of Classification 135
9.2.1 Determining the Principal Basis of Classification 135
9.2.2 Types of Classification 136
9.2.2.1 Classification by Time Order 136
9.2.2.2 Simple or Complex Classification 136
9.2.2.3 Absolute or Approximate Classification 137
9.3 Examples of Classification 137
9.4 Summary 144
Questions and Exercises 145
Chapter 10 Analyzing and Critical Analyses 149
10.1 General Remarks 149
10.2 Techniques of Analyzing 150
10.2.1 Drawing Inferences Through Analytical Reading 150
10.2.2 Establishing One s Own Perspective 153
10.2.3 Collecting Supporting Evidence for Perspective 153
10.2.4 Literary Analysis and Literary Criticism 156
10.3 Examples of Analytical Writing 158
10.4 Examples of Literary Analysis 162
10.5 Summary 166
Questions and Exercises 166
11.1 General Remarks on Summary 168
Chapter 11 Summary and Précis Writing 168
11.2 Techniques and Examples of Summarizing 169
11.2.1 Summary of a Short Story 171
11.2.2 Summary of an Article 174
11.3 General Remarks on Précis Writing 176
11.4 Summary of Chapter 11 178
Questions and Exercises 179
Chapter 12 Paraphrasing 190
12.1 General Remarks 190
12.2 Properties of a Paraphrase 191
12.3 Guidelines to Paraphrasing 192
12.3.1 Paraphrasing of Prose 193
12.3.2 Paraphrasing of Poetry 194
12.4 Summary 196
Questions and Exercises 197
PartⅢ Readings for Academic Writing 199
Chapter 13 The Informative Essay 203
13.1 General Remarks 203
13.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 203
13.2.1 Descriptive Grammars by Victoria Fromkin Robert Rodman 203
13.2.2 Sociolinguistic Studies in China by Ping Chen 205
13.3 Models for Literature 208
13.3.1 What is Literature? by Edgar V.Roberts Henry E.Jacobs 208
13.3.2 What is Poetry? by Laurence Perrine 210
13.4.1 What Parties Are For by David J.Olson and Philip Meyer 213
13.4 Models for American Studies,etc. 213
13.4.2 Presidential Leadership:The Power to Persuade by Richard Pious 217
Chapter 14 The Comparative Essay 224
14.1 General Remarks 224
14.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 224
14.2.1 The Map and the Territory by S.I.Hayakawa 224
14.2.2 Semantic Derogation of Women by Nora Wolfson 227
14.3 Models for Literature 231
14.3.1 Escape and Interpretation by Laurence Perrine 231
14.3.2 A Comparison of Two Poems by Laurence Perrine 237
14.4.1 Comparison of Cultures by Robert Lado 241
14.4 Models for American Studies,etc 241
14.4.2 The Black and White Truth about Baskeball by Jeff Greenfield 248
Chapter 15 The Analytical/Critical Essay 254
15.1 General Remarks 254
15.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 254
15.2.1 Sounder Thinking through Clearer Writing by F.Peter Woodford 254
15.2.2 The Presence of the Word in TV Advertising by Jay Rosen 259
15.3 Models for Literature 263
15.3.1 The Setting of Joseph Conrad s The Secret Sharer by Edgar V.Roberts 263
15.3.2 Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights by V.Woolf 266
15.3.3 A Study of Shakespeare s Imagery in Sonnet XXX by Edgar V.Roberts 272
15.4.1 Family Codes by Margaret Mead 274
15.4 Models for American Studies,etc 274
15.4.2 The Terrible Twenties by Daniel Smith-Rowsey 278
Chapter 16 Argument 282
16.1 General Remarks 282
16.2 Models for Language and Linguistics 283
16.2.1 Who is Responsible? by Charles A.O Neill 283
16.2.2 What s Wrong with Black English by R.L.Jones 286
16.3 Models for Literature 289
16.3.1 Preface to Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad 289
16.3.2 The Element of Suspense in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor 292
16.4.1 The Cult of Ethnicity,Good and Bad by Arthur Schlesinger Jr 296
16.4 Models for American Studies,etc 296
16.4.2 Women in Combat by Sara Sabraw 299
16.4.3 Eco-defense by Edward Abby 302
Appendix A Full Text of Two Short Stories 307
1.The Secret Sharer by Joseph Conrad 307
2.A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor 346
Appendix B Gu:?elines on Revision and Editing 362
Appendix C Documentation Guidelines 366
Appendix D How to Render Thanks in Acknowledgements 369
Bibliography 373
List of Authors and Titles of Stories,Major Articles and Excerpts 377
List of Poems Dicussed 381
Subject Index 382