Introduction 1
1.Historical Overview 4
Early Views 4
Katharina Reiss and the Functional Category of Translation Criticism 9
Hans J. Vermeer: Skopostheorie and Beyond 10
Justa Holz-Manttari and the Theory of Translational Action 12
Functionalist Methodology in Translator Training 13
2.Translating and the Theory of Action 15
Translating as a Form of Translational Interaction 16
Translating as Interpersonal Interaction 19
Translating as Intentional Interaction 19
Translating as a Communicative Action 22
Translating as Intercultural Action 23
Translating as a Text-Processing Action 25
3.Basic Concepts of Skopostheorie 27
Skopos, Aim, Purpose, Intention, Function and Translation Brief 27
Intratextual and Intertextual Coherence 31
The Concept of Culture and Culture-Specificity 33
Adequacy and Equivalence 34
The Role of Text Classifications 37
4.Functionalism in Translator Training 39
A Translation-Oriented Model of Text Functions 40
A Functional Typology of Translations 45
Norms and Conventions in Functional Translation 53
Source-text Analysis, Translation Briefs and Identifying Translation Problems 59
A Functional Hierarchy of Translation Problems 67
Translation Units Revisited 68
Translation Errors and Translation Evaluation 73
5.Functionalism in Literary Translation 80
Actional Aspects of Literary Communication 80
Literary Communication across Culture Barriers 84
Skopos and Assignment in Literary Translation 88
Some examples 93
6.Functionalist Approaches to Interpreting 104
The Role of Interpreting in Skopostheorie 104
Translator Training: From Interpreting to Translation 105
A Functionalist Approach to Simultaneous Interpreting 106
7.Criticisms 109
8.Function plus Loyalty 123
9.Future Perspectives 129
Glossary 137
Bibliographical References 142