CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
SCOPE OF ANATOMY 1
BODY ORGANIZATION 1
ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY 2
ANATOMICAL POSITION 2
DIRECTIONAL TERMS 2
PLANES OF REFERENCE 3
CHAPTER TWO LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM 5
SECTION 1 OSTEOLOGY 5
GENERAL 5
SHAPES OF BONES 6
STRUCTURE OF BONE 7
BONES OF TRUNK 8
VERTEBRAE 8
STERNUM 11
RIBS 12
BONES OF UPPER LIMB 13
SHOULDER GIRDLE 13
MOBILITY BONES OF UPPER LIMB 13
BONES OF LOWER LIMB 17
PELVIC GIRDLE 17
MOBILITY BONES OF LOWER LIMB 19
SKULL 22
CRANIAL BONES 23
FACIAL BONES 24
WHOLE VIEWS OF THE SKULL 26
SKULL AT BIRTH 31
SECTION 2ARTHROLOGY 31
GENERAL 31
DIRECT JOINT 31
INDIRECT JOINT 32
JOINTS OF TRUNK 35
JOINTS OF VERTEBRAE 35
VERTEBRAL COLUMN 37
THORACIC CAGE 37
JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB 40
JOINTS OF SHOULDER GIRDLE 40
JOINTS OF MOBILITY BONES OF UPPER LIMB 40
JOINTS OF LOWER LIMB 44
JOINTS OF PELVIC GIRDLE 44
JOINTS OF MOBILITY BONES OF LOWER LIMB 47
JOINTS OF SKULL 53
SECTION 3 MYOLOGY 54
GENERAL 54
SHAPE AND STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 55
NAMING THE MUSCLE 56
ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF MUSCLE AND ITS FUNCTION 56
SUPPLEMENTARY APPARATUS OF MUSCLE 56
MUSCLES OF TRUNK 57
MUSCLES OF BACK 57
MUSCLES OF THORAX 60
DIAPHRAGM 61
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES 62
MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK 66
MUSCLES OF HEAD 66
MUSCLES OF NECK 68
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB 70
MUSCLES OF SHOULDER GIRDLE 70
MUSCLES OF ARM 72
MUSCLES OF FOREARM 72
MUSCLES OF HAND 74
PARTIAL IMPORTANT REGIONS 74
MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB 75
MUSCLES OF PELVIC GIRDLE 75
MU5CLES OF THIGH 78
MUSCLES OF LEG 79
MUSCLES OF FOOT 82
PARTIAL IMPORTANT REGIONS 82
CHAPTER THREE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 85
COMPOSITION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 85
PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 86
MARKING LINES OF THORAX 86
REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN 87
SECTION 1 DIGESTIVE CANAL 87
MOUTH 88
LIPS AND CHEEKS 88
PALATE 89
TEETH 89
TONGUE 91
SALIVARY GLANDS 93
PHARYNX 96
SHAPE AND POSITION OF THE PHARYNX 96
INTERIOR OF THE PHARYNX 96
STRUCTURE OF THE WALL OF THE PHARYNX 96
ESOPHAGUS 97
SHAPE AND POSITION OF THE ESOPHAGUS 97
CONSTRICTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS 97
STRUCTURE OF THE WALL OF THE ESOPHAGUS 97
STOMACH 98
SHAPE OF THE STOMACH 98
POSITION OF THE STOMACH 99
STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH 99
SMALL INTESTINE 99
DUODENUM 99
JEJUNUM AND ILEUM 100
LARGE INTESTINIE 101
CECUM 102
VERMIFORM APPENDIX 103
COLON 103
RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL 103
SECTION 2 DIGESTIVE GLANDS 105
LIVER 105
SHAPE OF THE LIVER 105
POSITION AND SURFACE PROJECTING OF THE LIVER 106
PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE LIVER 106
EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY PASSAGE 106
PANCREAS 107
POSITION OF THE PANCREAS 107
SHAPE OF THE PANCREAS 107
PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE PANCREAS 108
SECTION 3 PERITONEUM 108
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERITONEUM AND VISCERA IN THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY 109
STRUCTURES FORMED BY THE PERITONEUM 110
OMENTUM 110
MESENTERY 111
LIGAMENT 111
PERITONEAL POUCH 112
CHAPTER FOUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 113
SECTION 1 EXTERNAL RESPIRATORY TRACT 113
NOSE 113
EXTERNAL NOSE 113
NASAL CAMITY 114
PARANASAL SINUSES 115
PHARYNX 115
LARYNX 116
POSITION OF THE LARYNX 116
STRUCTURE OF THE LARYNX 116
TRACHEA AND PRINCIPAL BRONCHI 121
TRACHEA 121
PRINCIPAL BRONCHI 121
SECTION 2 LUNG 121
POSITION AND SHAPE OF THE LUNG 122
SURFACE MARKING OF THE LUNG 124
SECTION 3 PLEURAE AND MEDIASTINUM 124
PLEURAE 124
VISCERAL PLEURA 125
PARIETAL PLEURA 125
PLEURAL CAMITY 125
SURFACE MARKING OF PARIETAL PLEURA 125
MEDIASTINUM 125
CHAPTER FIVE URINARY SYSTEM 127
KIDNEY 127
APPEARANCE OF THE KIDNEY 127
POSITION OF THE KIDNEY 128
GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY 129
CAPSULE OF THE KIDNEY 129
URETER 130
URINARY BLADDER 130
SHAPE OF THE URINARY BLADDER 130
POSITION OF THE URINARY BLADDER 131
STRUCTURE OF THE WALL OF BLADDER 131
URETHRA 131
CHAPTER SIX REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 133
SECTION 1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 133
INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS 134
TESTIS 134
EPIDIDYMIS 135
DUCTUS DEFERENS 136
EJACULATORY DUCT 136
SEMINAL VESICLE 136
PROSTATE 136
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND 137
EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS 137
SCROTUM 137
PENIS 139
MALE URETHRA 141
SECTION 2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 142
INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS 143
OVARY 143
UTERINE TUBES 143
UTERUS 145
VAGINA 147
EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS 147
FEMALE BREAST 149
PERINEUM 151
CHAPTER SEVEN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 155
THYROID GLAND 157
PARATHYROID GLANDS 158
SUPRARENAL GLANDS 158
PINEAL GLAND 158
HYPOPHYSIS 159
THYMUS 159
CHAPTER EIGHT SENSORY ORGANS 161
SECTION 1 VISUAL ORGAN(EYE) 161
EYEBALL 161
LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL 162
REFRACTING MEDIUM OF THE EYEBALL 165
ACCESSORY APPARATUS OF THE EYE 165
EYELIDS 165
CONJUNCTIVA 167
LACRIMAL APPARATUS 167
EXTRINSIC OCULAR MUSCLES 167
SECTION 2 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR ORGAN（EAR） 169
EXTERNAL EAR 169
AURICLE 169
EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS 169
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE 169
MIDDLE EAR 170
TYMPANIC CAVITY 170
AUDITORY TUBE 174
MASTOID ANTRUM AND AIR CELLS 174
INTERNAL EAR 174
BONY LABYRINTH 174
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH 175
PATHWAY OF SOUND WAVES 177
CHAPTER NINE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 179
SECTION 1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 180
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 180
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION 180
ANASTOMOSIS AND COLLATERAL CIRCULATION 180
HEART AND PERICARDIUM 181
SHAPE AND POSITION OF THE HEART 181
INTERIOR OF THE HEART 183
TISSUES OF THE HEART 186
CONDUCTING TISSUE OF THE HEART 187
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE HEART 188
PERICARDIUM 189
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION 190
ARTERIES OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION 190
VEINS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION 190
ARTERIES OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION 190
AORTA 190
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 192
ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMB 195
ARTERIES OF THE THORAX 198
ARTERIES OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 202
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMB 208
VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULAT ION 210
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES 211
INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES 215
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN AND ITS TRIBUTARIES 218
SECTION 2 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 220
LYMPHATIC VESSELS 220
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES 222
LYMPHATIC VESSELS 222
LYMPHATIC TRUNKS 222
LYMPHATIC DUCTS 222
LYMPH NODES 224
LYMPH NODES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 226
LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER LIMB 226
LYMPH NODES OF THE THORAX 227
LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 228
LYMPH NODES OF THE LOWER LIMB 230
SPLEEN 231
CHAPTER TEN NERVOUS SYSTEM 233
SECTION 1 GENERAL 233
FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 233
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 234
TISSUES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 234
NEURON 235
NEUROGLIA 237
REFLEX ARC 239
COMMON TERMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 240
GRAY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER 240
NUCLEUS AND NERVE FIBERS TRACT 240
NERVE AND GANGLION 240
SECTION 2 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 241
SPINAL CORD 241
POSITION AND SHAPE OF THE SPINAL CORD 241
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD 243
BRAIN 245
BRAIN STEM 246
CEREBELLUM 250
DIENCEPHALON 252
CEREBRUM 254
SECTION 3 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 265
NERVE COMPONENTS 265
SPINAL NERVES 267
DORSAL RAMI 268
VENTRAL RAMI 269
SEGMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPINAL NERVES 283
CRANIAL NERVES 283
OLFACTORY NERVE（Ⅰ） 283
OPTIC NERVE（Ⅱ） 284
OCULOMOTOR NERVE（Ⅲ） 285
TROCHLEAR NERVE（Ⅳ） 286
TRIGEMINAL NERVE（Ⅴ） 286
ABDUCENT NERVE（Ⅵ） 289
FACIAL NERVE（Ⅶ） 289
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE（Ⅷ） 293
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE（Ⅸ） 294
VAGUS NERVE（Ⅹ） 295
ACCESSORY NERVE（Ⅺ） 296
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE（Ⅻ） 296
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 297
SUBDIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 297
CONTROL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 302
SECTION 4 NERVOUS CONDUCTIVE PATHWAYS 302
PATHWAYS FOR CONSCIOUS SENSORY PERCEPTION 302
PATHWAYS FOR SOMESTHETIC SENSATIONS(PAIN,TEMPERATURE,AND CRUDE TOUCH AND PRESSURE)FROM THE BODY 302
PATHWAYS FOR DISCRIMINATORY TOUCH AND PRESSURE AND FOR KINESTHESIA FROM THE BODY 302
SOMESTHETIC SENSORY INPUT FROM THE HEAD 302
REPRESENTATION IN THE SOMESTHETIC CORTEX 303
NERVE PATHWAYS FOR VISION 304
PATHWAYS FOR MOTOR FUNCTION 306
PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM 306
SECTION 5 MENINGES,VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 307
MENINGES 307
DURA MATER 307
ARACHNOID 310
PIA MATER 312
VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN 313
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 313
SECTION 6 BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 314
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE SPINAL CORD 314
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BRAIN 314
ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN 314
VEINS OF THE BRAIN 318