1 The bodyIn the ClinicDetermination of skeletal age 16
Bone marrow transplants 17
Bone fractures 18
Avascular necrosis 18
Osteoporosis 19
Epiphyseal fractures 20
Degenerative joint disease 24
Joint replacement 26
The importance of fascias 27
Muscle paralysis 28
Muscle atrophy 28
Muscle injuries and strains 28
Atherosclerosis 29
Varicose veins 30
Anastomoses and collateral circulation 30
Lymph nodes 33
Dermatomes and myotomes 40
Referred pain 52
Clinical CaseAppendicitis 53
2 BackIn the ClinicSpina bifida 76
Vertebroplasty 77
Scoliosis 77
Kyphosis 78
Variation in vertebral numbers 78
The vertebrae and cancer 79
Osteoporosis 79
Back pain 81
Herniation of intervertebral discs 81
Joints 82
Ligamenta flava 84
Vertebral fractures 84
Pars interarticularis fractures 85
Surgical procedures on the back 86
Spinal fusion 86
Nerve injuries affecting superficial back muscles 101
Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid tap 108
Herpes zoster 110
Back pain—alte rnative explanations 111
Clinical CasesSciatica versus lumbago 118
Cervical spinal cord injury 118
Psoas abscess 119
Dissecting thoracic aneurysm 119
Sacral tumor 121
3 ThoraxIn the ClinicBreast cancer 139
Cervical ribs 147
Collection of sternal bone marrow 147
Rib fractures 147
Surgical access to the chest 156
Chest drain(tube)insertion 156
Imaging the lungs 174
High—resolution lung CT 174
Bronchoscopy 174
Lung cancer 175
Pericarditis 179
Pericardial effusion 179
Constrictive pericarditis 180
Valve disease 191
Clinical terminology for coronary arteries 194
Coronary artery disease 196
Common congenital heart defects 197
Cardiac auscultation 197
Cardiac conduction system 200
Ectopic parathyroid glands in the thymus 206
Venous access for central and dialysis lines 208
Using the superior vena cava to access the inferior vena cava 209
Coarctation of the aorta 210
Thoracic aorta 210
Aortic arch and its anomalies 211
Abnormal origin of great vessels 211
The vagus nerves,recurrent laryngeal nerves,and hoarseness 214
Esophageal cancer 217
Esophageal rupture 217
Clinical CasesCervical rib 233
Lung cancer 234
Chest wound 234
Myocardial infarction 235
Broken pacemaker 238
Coarctation of the aorta 238
Aortic dissection 239
Pneumonia 240
Esophageal cancer 241
Venous access 242
4 AbdomenIn the ClinicSurgical incisions 269
Cremasteric reflex 288
Masses around the groin 290
Inguinal hernias 290
Femoral hernias 291
Umbilical hernias 291
Incisional hernias 291
Other hernias 291
Peritoneum 294
Ventriculoperitoneal shunts 294
Dialysis and peritoneal dialysis 294
Peritoneal spread of disease 294
The greater omentum 296
Epithelial transition between the abdominal esophagus and stomach 303
Duodenal ulceration 303
Examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract 304
Examination of the bowel lumen 304
Examination of the bowel wall and extrinsic masses 304
Meckel's diverticulum 306
Computed tomography(CT)scanning and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) 306
Advanced imaging methods 306
Carcinoma of the stomach 306
Appendicitis 310
Congenital disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 313
Malrotation and midgut volvulus 313
Bowel obstruction 314
Diverticular disease 315
Ostomies 315
Gastrostomy 315
Jejunostomy 315
Ileostomy 316
Colostomy 316
Ileal conduit 316
Annular pancreas 322
Segmental anatomy of the liver 325
Gallstones 326
Jaundice 326
Spleen disorders 327
Vascular supply to the gastrointestinal system 336
Hepatic cirrhosis 339
Portosystemic anastomosis 339
Surgery for obesity 347
Psoas muscle abscess 353
Diaphragmatic hernias 354
Hiatus hernia 355
Urinary tract stones 361
Urinary tract cancer 361
Nephrostomy 363
Kidney transplant 364
investigation of the urinary tract 366
Abdominal aortic stent graft 369
Inferior vena cava filter 371
Retrope ritoneal lymph node surgery 373
Clinical CasesTraumatic rupture of the diaphragm 391
Chronic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava 391
Liver biopsy in patients with suspected liver cirrhosis 392
Hodgkin's lymphoma 393
Inguinal hernia 394
Ureteric stone 395
Intra-abdominal abscess 395
Complications of an abdominoperineal resection 396
Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas 398
Caval obstruction 399
Diverticular disease 400
Endoleak after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm 401
Gastrointestinal bleed 401
Metastatic lesions in the liver 403
5 Pelvis and perineumIn the ClinicLocating the position of the femoral artery 421
Using the femoral artery for angiography and endovascular procedures 421
Using the femoral vein for pulmonary angiography 421
Bone marrow biopsy 424
Pelvic fracture 426
Common problems with the sacro-iliac joints 428
Pelvic measurements in obstetrics 433
Defecation 435
Episiotomy 439
Digital rectal examination 439
Carcinoma of the colon and rectum 441
Bladder stones 443
Suprapubic catheterization 443
Bladder cancer 444
Bladder infection 446
Urethral catheterization 447
Testicular tumors 448
Vasectomy 450
Prostate problems 451
Ovarian cancer 455
Imaging the ovary 455
Hysterectomy 456
Tubal ligation 457
Carcinoma of the cervix and uterus 457
The recto-uterine pouch 460
Pudendal block 466
Prostatectomy and impotence 471
Abscesses in the ischio-anal fossae 480
Hemorrhoids 482
Urethral rupture 490
Clinical CasesVaricocele 504
Sciatic nerve compression 505
Pelvic kidney 505
Left common iliac artery obstruction 506
Iatrogenic ureteric injury 507
Ectopic pregnancy 508
Uterine tumor 509
6 Lower limbIn the ClinicPelvic fractures 528
Blood supply to the femoral head and neck 532
Femoral neck fractures 532
Femoral shaft fracture 532
Varicose veins 544
Deep vein thrombosis 544
Vascular access to the lower limb 547
Intramuscular iniections 553
Muscle iniuries to the lower limb 569
Peripheral vascular disease 572
Chronic leg ischemia 572
Acute on chronic ischemia 572
Critical limb ischemia 572
Soft tissue injuries to the knee 582
Degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis 582
Examination of the knee joint 583
Neurological examination of the legs 592
Fracture of the talus 606
Midfoot fractures 606
Ankle fractures 608
Bunions 611
Morton's neuroma 626
Clinical CasesVaricose veins 638
Knee joint injury 639
Fracture of neck of femur 642
Deep vein thrombosis 643
Ruptured calcaneal tendon 644
Popliteal artery aneurysm 645
Anterior talofibular ligament tear 646
7 Upper limbIn the ClinicFracture of the proximal humerus 668
Fractures of the clavicle and dislocations of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints 673
Dislocations of the glenohumeral joint 674
Rotator cuff disorders 675
Quadrangular space syndrome 682
Damage to the long thoracic nerve 690
Imaging the blood supply to the upper limb 698
Trauma to the arteries of the upper limb 699
Fracture of rib I 699
Anterior dislocation of the humeral head 699
Subclavian pinch-off syndrome 699
Injuries to the brachial plexus 709
Breast cancer 711
Rupture of biceps tendon 716
Blood pressure measurement 720
Radial nerve injury in the arm 724
Median nerve injury in the arm 724
Elbow joint injury 727
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus 728
Transection of the radial or ulnar arteries 728
Pulled elbow 728
Fracture of the head of radius 728
Epicondylitis 728
Elbow arthritis 729
Ulnar nerve injury 729
Construction of a dialysis fistula 731
Fractures of the radius and ulna 734
Fracture of the scaphoid and avascular necrosis of the proximal scaphoid 756
Carpal tunnel syndrome 758
Snuffbox 759
Allen's test 770
Venipuncture 770
Ulnar nerve injury 772
Radial nerve injury 774
Clinical CasesShoulder problem after falling on an outstretched hand 786
Winged scapula 786
Brachial plexus nerve block 787
Complication of a fractured first rib 787
Carpal tunnel syndrome 788
Immobilizing extensor digitorum 789
Torn supraspinatus tendon 789
How to examine the hand 790
Shoulder joint problem 791
8 Head and neckIn the ClinicMedical imaging of the head 828
Fractures of the skull vault and extradural hematoma 829
Depressed skull fractures 829
Compound fractures 829
Pterion fractures 829
Hydrocephalus 834
Meningitis 835
Brain tumors 835
Stroke 839
Intracerebral aneurysms 840
Head injury 845
Types of intracranial hemorrhage 845
Clinical assessment of patients with head injury 847
Treatment of head injury 847
Cranial nerve lesions 855
Parotid gland 865
Facial nerve[Ⅶ]palsy(Bell's palsy) 872
Central lesions 872
Lesions at and around the geniculate ganglion 872
Lesions at and around the stylomastoid foramen 872
Trigeminal neuralgia 873
Scalp laceration 877
Homer's syndrome 882
Surgically-induced Horner's syndrome 882
Examination of the eye 892
Loss of innervation of the muscles around the eye 892
Glaucoma 899
Cataracts 899
Ophthalmoscopy 900
Examination of the ear 905
Tympanic membrane perforation 906
Mastoiditis 909
Lingual nerve injury 935
Dental anesthesia 937
Fascial planes of the head and neck 952
Central venous access 953
Jugular venous pulse 961
Thyroid gland 967
Thyroidectomy 967
Thyroid gland pathology 968
Clinical lymphatic drainage of the head and neck 985
Tracheostomy 1009
Clinical CasesMultinodular goiter 1071
Parotid duct calculus 1072
Extradural hematoma 1073
Stenosis of the internal carotid artery 1074
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm 1075
Recurrent epistaxis 1076
Complication of orbital fracture 1077
Brainstem tumor 1078
Pituitary macroadenoma 1079
1 The bodyWhat is anatomy? 4
How can gross anatomy be studied? 4
Important anatomical terms 4
Imaging 7
Diagnostic imaging techniques 7
Nuclear medicine imaging 10
Image interpretation 11
Plain radiography 12
Computed tomography 12
Magnetic resonance imaging 13
Nuclear medicine imaging 13
Safety in imaging 13
Body systems 14
Skeletal system 14
Cartilage 14
Bone 15
Joints 20
Skin and fascias 26
Skin 26
Fascia 26
Muscular system 27
Cardiovascular system 29
Lymphatic system 31
Lymphatic vessels 31
Lymph nodes 32
Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32
Nervous system 34
Central nervous system 34
Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34
Somatic part of the nervous system 35
Visceral part of the nervous system 41
Other systems 52
Clinical cases 53
2 BackConceptual overview 56
General description 56
Functions 57
Support 57
Movement 57
Protection of the nervous system 58
Component parts 58
Bones 58
Muscles 60
Vertebral canal 62
Spinal nerves 63
Relationship to other regions 64
Head 64
Thorax,abdomen,and pelvis 65
Limbs 65
Key features 65
Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65
Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66
Innervation of the back 66
Regional anatomy 67
Skeletal framework 67
Vertebrae 67
Intervertebral foramina 75
Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75
Joints 79
Joints between vertebrae in the back 79
Ligaments 82
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82
Ligamenta flava 82
Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae 83
Interspinous ligaments 84
Back musculature 86
Superficial group of back muscles 86
Intermediate group of back muscles 92
Deep group of back muscles 93
Suboccipital muscles 99
Spinal cord 101
Vasculature 102
Meninges 104
Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal 106
Spinal nerves 107
Surface anatomy 112
Back surface anatomy 112
Absence of lateral curvatures 112
Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane 112
Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112
How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes 114
Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space 115
Identifying major muscles 116
Clinical cases 118
3 ThoraxConceptual overview 124
General description 124
Functions 125
Breathing 125
Protection of vital organs 125
Conduit 125
Component parts 125
Thoracic wall 125
Superior thoracic aperture 126
Inferior thoracic aperture 126
Diaphragm 127
Mediastinum 128
Pleural cavities 128
Relationship to other regions 129
Neck 129
Upper limb 130
Abdomen 130
Breast 130
Key features 130
Vertebral level TIV/V 130
Venous shunts from left to right 132
Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall 132
Sympathetic system 134
Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134
Innervation of the diaphragm 134
Regional anatomy 137
Pectoral region 137
Breast 137
Muscles of the pectoral region 139
Thoracic wall 141
Skeletal framework 141
Intercostal spaces 147
Diaphragm 156
Venous drainage 158
Innervation 158
Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing 158
Pleurol cavities 159
Pleura 159
Lungs 163
Mediastinum 176
Middle mediastinum 177
Superior mediastinum 204
Posterior mediastinum 215
Anterior mediastinum 223
Surface anatomy 224
Thorax surface anatomy 224
How to count ribs 224
Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225
Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level 226
Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum 227
Visualizing the margins of the heart 227
Where to listen for heart sounds 228
Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs,pleural recesses,and lung lobes and fissures 228
Where to listen for lung sounds 229
Clinical cases 233
4 AbdomenConceptual overview 246
General description 246
Functions 247
Houses and protects major viscera 247
Breathing 249
Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249
Component parts 250
Wall 250
Abdominal cavity 251
Inferior thoracic aperture 253
Diaphragm 253
Pelvic inlet 254
Relationship to other regions 254
Thorax 254
Pelvis 254
Lower limb 255
Key features 256
Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult 256
Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves 259
The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall 260
Verterbral Level L1 262
The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries 262
Venous shunts from left to right 264
All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver 265
Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus 266
Regional anatomy 268
Surface topography 268
Four-quadrant pattern 268
Nine-region pattern 269
Abdominal wall 270
Superficial fascia 270
Anterolateral muscles 272
Extraperitoneal fascia 278
Peritoneum 279
Innervation 279
Arterial supply and venous drainage 280
Lymphatic drainage 282
Groin 282
Inguinal canal 284
Inguinal hernias 288
Abdominal viscera 292
Peritoneum 292
Peritoneal cavity 293
Organs 297
Arterial supply 327
Venous drainage 337
Lymphatics 341
Innervation 341
Posterior abdominal region 348
Posterior abdominal wall 349
Viscera 355
Vasculature 366
Lymphatic system 372
Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region 374
Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 374
Surface anatomy 382
Abdomen surface anatomy 382
Defining the surface projection of the abdomen 383
How to find the superficial inguinal ring 384
How to determine lumbar vertebral levels 385
Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral level 386
Visualizing the position of major blood vessels 387
Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera 388
Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred 389
Where to find the kidneys 390
Where to find the spleen 390
Clinical cases 391
5 Pelvis and perineumConceptual overview 406
General description 406
Functions 406
Contain and support bladder,rectum,anal canal,and reproductive tracts 406
Anchors the roots of the external genitalia 408
Component parts 408
Pelvic inlet 408
Pelvic walls 409
Pelvic outlet 409
Pelvic floor 411
Pelvic cavity 411
Perineum 412
Relationship to other regions 414
Abdomen 414
Lower limb 414
Key features 415
The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly 415
Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity 415
The prostate is anterior to rectum 417
The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments 417
Nerves are related to bone 418
Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection 418
Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body 419
Gender determines the course of the urethra 419
Regional anatomy 421
Pelvis 421
Bones 421
Joints 426
Orientation 428
Gender differences 428
True pelvis 429
Viscera 438
Fascia 458
Peritoneum 460
Nerves 462
Blood vessels 471
Lymphatics 477
Perineum 478
Borders and ceiling 478
Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses 480
Anal triangle 480
Urogenital triangle 483
Somatic nerves 490
Visceral nerves 492
Blood vessels 492
Veins 494
Lymphatics 496
Surface anatomy 497
Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum 497
Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position 497
How to define the margins of the perineum 497
Identification of structures in the anal triangle 499
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women 500
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men 501
Clinical cases 504
6 Lower limbConceptual overview 512
General introduction 512
Function 513
Support the body weight 513
Locomotion 515
Component parts 517
Bones and joints 517
Muscles 518
Relationship to other regions 520
Abdomen 520
Pelvis 521
Perineum 521
Key points 521
Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves 521
Nerves related to bone 525
Superficial veins 525
Regional anatomy 526
Bony pelvis 526
Proximal femur 529
Hip joint 532
Gateways to the lower limb 535
Nerves 537
Arteries 540
Veins 542
Lymphatics 542
Deep fascia and the saphenous opening 544
Femoral triangle 545
Gluteal region 547
Muscles 548
Nerves 551
Arteries 554
Veins 554
Lymphatics 554
Thigh 555
Bones 555
Muscles 561
Arteries 569
Veins 573
Nerves 573
Knee joint 575
Tibiofibular joint 584
Popliteal fossa 584
Leg 585
Bones 586
Joints 588
Posterior compartment of 588
Lateral compartment of 595
Anterior compartment of 596
Foot 600
Bones 600
Joints 605
Tarsal tunnel,retinacula,and arrangement of major structures at the ankle 612
Arches of the foot 614
Plantar aponeurosis 615
Fibrous sheaths of toes 615
Extensor hoods 616
Intrinsic muscles 616
Arteries 622
Veins 624
Nerves 624
Surface anatomy 628
Lower limb surface anatomy 628
Avoiding the sciatic nerve 628
Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle 630
Identifying structures around the knee 630
Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa 632
Finding the tarsal tunnel—the gateway to the foot 633
Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot 634
Finding the dorsalis pedis artery 635
Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch 635
Major superficial veins 636
Pulse points 637
Clinical cases 638
7 Upper limbConceptual overview 650
General description 650
Functions 651
Positioning the hand 651
The hand as a mechanical tool 651
The hand as a sensory tool 654
Component parts 654
Bones and joints 654
Muscles 655
Relationship to other regions 657
Neck 657
Back and thoracic wall 658
Key points 659
Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves 659
Nerves related to bone 663
Superficial veins 663
Orientation of the thumb 664
Regional anatomy 665
Shoulder 665
Bones 665
Joints 668
Muscles 675
Posterior scapular region 678
Muscles 678
Gateways to the posterior scapular region 680
Nerves 682
Arteries and veins 682
Axilla 684
Axillary inlet 685
Anterior wall 686
Medial wall 688
Lateral wall 690
Posterior wall 691
Gateways in the posterior wall 692
Floor 693
Contents of the axilla 693
Arm 710
Bones 712
Muscles 715
Arteries and veins 717
Nerves 720
Elbow joint 724
Cubital fossa 729
Forearm 731
Bones 732
Joints 734
Anterior compartment of the forearm 736
Muscles 736
Arteries and veins 742
Nerves 743
Posterior compartment of the forearm 745
Muscles 745
Arteries and veins 750
Nerves 751
Hand 751
Bones 752
Joints 754
Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist 756
Palmar aponeurosis 758
Palmaris brevis 759
Anatomical snuffbox 759
Fibrous digital sheaths 759
Extensor hoods 760
Muscles 762
Arteries and veins 767
Nerves 770
Surface anatomy 775
Upper limb surface anatomy 775
Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region 775
Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures 777
Locating the brachial artery in the arm 779
The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve 779
Cubital fossa(anterior view) 779
Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm 781
Normal appearance of the hand 782
Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve 783
Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand 783
Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches 784
Pulse points 784
Clinical cases 786
8 Head and neckConceptual overview 796
General description 796
Head 796
Neck 798
Functions 799
Protection 799
Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts 799
Communication 800
Positioning the head 800
Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts 800
Component parts 800
Skull 800
Cervical vertebrae 802
Hyoid bone 803
Soft palate 804
Muscles 804
Relationship to other regions 805
Thorax 805
Upper limbs 805
Key features 806
Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI 806
Airway in the neck 806
Cranial nerves 807
Cervical nerves 808
Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages 808
Triangles of the neck 811
Regional anatomy 812
Skull 812
Anterior view 812
Lateral view 814
Posterior view 816
Superior view 818
lnferior view 819
Cranial cavity 822
Roof 822
Floor 823
Meninges 830
Cranial dura mater 830
Arachnoid mater 833
Pia mater 833
Arrangement of meninges and spaces 834
Brain and its blood supply 835
Brain 835
Blood supply 837
Venous drainage 842
Cranial nerves 848
Olfactory nerve[Ⅰ] 849
Optic nerve[Ⅱ] 850
Oculomotor nerve[Ⅲ] 850
Trochlear nerve[Ⅳ] 850
Trigeminal nerve[Ⅴ] 851
Ophthalmic nerve[Ⅴ1] 852
Maxillary nerve[Ⅴ2] 852
Mandibular nerve[Ⅴ3] 852
Abducent nerve[Ⅵ] 852
Facial nerve[Ⅶ] 852
Vestibulocochlear nerve[Ⅷ] 853
Glossopharyngeal nerve[Ⅸ] 853
Vagus nerve[Ⅹ] 853
Accessory nerve[Ⅺ] 854
Hypoglossal nerve[Ⅻ] 854
Face 856
Muscles 857
Parotid gland 863
Innervation 865
Vessels 869
Scalp 873
Layers 873
Innervation 874
Vessels 876
Lymphatic drainage 877
Orbit 878
Bony orbit 878
Eyelids 879
Lacrimal apparatus 882
Sensory innervation 882
Fissures and foramina 885
Fascial specializations 886
Muscles 887
Vessels 892
Innervation 893
Eyeball 898
Ear 902
External ear 903
Middle ear 906
Internal ear 913
Temporal and infratemporal fossae 920
Bony framework 920
Temporomandibular joints 922
Masseter muscle 925
Temporal fossa 926
Infratemporal fossa 929
Pterygopalatine fossa 940
Skeletal framework 940
Gateways 941
Contents 942
Neck 947
Fascia 948
Superficial venous drainage 950
Anterior triangle of the neck 954
Posterior triangle of the neck 968
Root of the neck 976
Pharynx 985
Skeletal framework 986
Pharyngeal wall 987
Fascia 990
Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them 990
Nasopharynx 991
Oropharynx 993
Laryngopharynx 993
Tonsils 993
Vessels 994
Nerves 996
Larynx 997
Laryngeal cartilages 998
Extrinsic ligaments 1000
Intrinsic ligaments 1001
Laryngeal joints 1002
Cavity of the larynx 1003
Intrinsic muscles 1005
Function of the larynx 1008
Vessels 1010
Nerves 1012
Nasal cavities 1013
Lateral wall 1014
Regions 1015
Innervation and blood supply 1016
Skeletal framework 1016
External nose 1018
Paranasal sinuses 1018
Walls,floor,and roof 1020
Nares 1024
Choanae 1024
Gateways 1024
Vessels 1026
Innervation 1028
Oral cavity 1030
Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity 1031
Skeletal framework 1031
Walls:the cheeks 1034
Floor 1035
Tongue 1037
Salivary glands 1044
Roof—palate 1047
Oral fissure and lips 1055
Oropharyngeal isthmus 1055
Teeth and gingivae 1056
Surface anatomy 1061
Head and neck surface anatomy 1061
Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks 1062
Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels 1063
How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck 1063
How to locate the cricothyroid ligament 1064
How to find the thyroid gland 1065
Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery 1066
Major features of the face 1067
The eye and lacrimal apparatus 1068
External ear 1069
Pulse points 1070
Clinical cases 1071
Index 1081