Chapter 1 Linguistics—A Pilot Science 1
1.1 Why Study Linguistics？ 1
1.2 What Is Language？—Defining the Object of Study 2
1.3 Origin of Language 3
1.4 Design Features of Language 4
1.5 Animal Communication Systems，Gesture and Other Language Forms 9
1.6 Perspectives of Language Studies 12
1.7 Functions of Language 15
1.8 Important Distinctions in Linguistics 20
1.9 Data of Linguistics 28
1.10 Status and Prospect of Linguistics 29
Chapter 2 Phonological Analysis 34
2.1 Transcribing Speech Sounds 34
2.2 Consonants and Vowels 38
2.3 Phonemic vs.Phonetic Transcriptions 46
2.4 Distinctive Features and Rule Representation 49
2.5 Suprasegmentals and Feature Geometry 53
2.6 Optimality Theory 57
2.7 Conclusion 62
Chapter 3 Morphology 68
3.1 Morphemes，Morphs and Allomorphs 68
3.2 Classification of Morphemes 70
3.3 Morphemization 73
3.4 Allomorphy 74
3.5 Word，Word-form and Lexeme 76
3.6 Morphology and Word-formation 78
3.7 Approaches and Problems 86
Chapter 4 Generative Syntax 91
4.1 Generative Grammar：Some Basic Assumptions 91
4.2 Phrase Structure Rules 94
4.3 Projection from Lexicon 101
4.4 The Minimalist Approach 130
Chapter 5 Functional Syntax 148
5.1 Vilem Mathesius 148
5.2 Frantisek Danes 162
5.3 Michael Halliday 172
5.4 Summary 183
Chapter 6 Semantics 190
6.1 Introduction 190
6.2 Meanings of “Meaning” 191
6.3 The Referential Theory 192
6.4 Sense Relations 194
6.5 Componential Analysis 199
6.6 Sentence Meaning 202
Chapter 7 Linguistic Comparison 217
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Comparative and Historical Linguistics 217
7.3 Typological Comparison 232
7.4 Contrastive Linguistics 245
Chapter 8 Language，Culture，and Society 258
8.1 Introduction 258
8.2 Language and Culture 259
8.3 Language and Society 269
8.4 Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching 277
8.5 Summary 290
Chapter 9 Cognitive Linguistics 296
9.1 Introduction 296
9.2 Cognitive Abilities and Cognitive Processes 298
9.3 Cognitive Semantics 317
9.4 Cognitive Grammar 324
Chapter 10 Pragmatics 341
10.1 Introduction 341
10.2 Speech Act Theory 341
10.3 The Classical Theory of Implicature 349
10.4 Post-Gricean Theories 353
10.5 Recent Developments in Pragmatics 361
Chapter 11 Issues of Stylistics 370
11.1 Introduction 370
11.2 Style and Stylistics 372
11.3 Style as Rhetoric：The Initial Stage of Stylistics 373
11.4 One Style or Several Styles？ 375
11.5 Aspects of Style：The Writer-style as Writer’s Individual/Personal Singularities 377
11.6 Aspects of Style：The Text-style as Linguistic Sameness （Structural Equivalence） 380
11.7 Aspects of Style：The Text-style as Linguistic Difference （Deviation or Foregrounding） 383
11.8 Aspects of Style：The Reader-style as Reader’s Response 387
11.9 Aspects of Style：The Context：Style as Function 389
11.10 Aspects of Style：The Meaning：Style as Meaning Potential 393
11.11 Concluding Remarks：Linguistics，Literary Criticism，and Stylistics 397
Chapter 12 Computational Linguistics 403
12.1 What Is Computational Linguistics？ 403
12.2 Machine Translation 404
12.3 Corpus Linguistics 413
12.4 Information Retrieval 420
12.5 Looking into the Future 424
Chapter 13 Second Language Acquisition 430
13.1 Introduction 430
13.2 The Role of Internal Mechanisms 431
13.3 The Role of Native Language 440
13.4 Input，Interaction and Output 445
13.5 Non-language Influences 447
13.6 Summary 450
Chapter 14 Modern Theories and Schools of Linguistics 454
14.1 The Beginning of Modern Linguistics 454
14.2 The Prague School and the Copenhagen School 461
14.3 The London School 469
14.4 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 477
14.5 American Structuralism 487
14.6 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 494
14.7 Revisionist/Rebellious Theories 510
14.8 Concluding Remarks 518