语言学高级教程 第2版=Linguistics An Advanced Course BookPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Linguistics—A Pilot Science 1

1.1 Why Study Linguistics？ 1

1.2 What Is Language？—Defining the Object of Study 2

1.3 Origin of Language 3

1.4 Design Features of Language 4

1.5 Animal Communication Systems，Gesture and Other Language Forms 9

1.6 Perspectives of Language Studies 12

1.7 Functions of Language 15

1.8 Important Distinctions in Linguistics 20

1.9 Data of Linguistics 28

1.10 Status and Prospect of Linguistics 29

Chapter 2 Phonological Analysis 34

2.1 Transcribing Speech Sounds 34

2.2 Consonants and Vowels 38

2.3 Phonemic vs.Phonetic Transcriptions 46

2.4 Distinctive Features and Rule Representation 49

2.5 Suprasegmentals and Feature Geometry 53

2.6 Optimality Theory 57

2.7 Conclusion 62

Chapter 3 Morphology 68

3.1 Morphemes，Morphs and Allomorphs 68

3.2 Classification of Morphemes 70

3.3 Morphemization 73

3.4 Allomorphy 74

3.5 Word，Word-form and Lexeme 76

3.6 Morphology and Word-formation 78

3.7 Approaches and Problems 86

Chapter 4 Generative Syntax 91

4.1 Generative Grammar：Some Basic Assumptions 91

4.2 Phrase Structure Rules 94

4.3 Projection from Lexicon 101

4.4 The Minimalist Approach 130

Chapter 5 Functional Syntax 148

5.1 Vilem Mathesius 148

5.2 Frantisek Danes 162

5.3 Michael Halliday 172

5.4 Summary 183

Chapter 6 Semantics 190

6.1 Introduction 190

6.2 Meanings of “Meaning” 191

6.3 The Referential Theory 192

6.4 Sense Relations 194

6.5 Componential Analysis 199

6.6 Sentence Meaning 202

Chapter 7 Linguistic Comparison 217

7.1 Introduction 217

7.2 Comparative and Historical Linguistics 217

7.3 Typological Comparison 232

7.4 Contrastive Linguistics 245

Chapter 8 Language，Culture，and Society 258

8.1 Introduction 258

8.2 Language and Culture 259

8.3 Language and Society 269

8.4 Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching 277

8.5 Summary 290

Chapter 9 Cognitive Linguistics 296

9.1 Introduction 296

9.2 Cognitive Abilities and Cognitive Processes 298

9.3 Cognitive Semantics 317

9.4 Cognitive Grammar 324

Chapter 10 Pragmatics 341

10.1 Introduction 341

10.2 Speech Act Theory 341

10.3 The Classical Theory of Implicature 349

10.4 Post-Gricean Theories 353

10.5 Recent Developments in Pragmatics 361

Chapter 11 Issues of Stylistics 370

11.1 Introduction 370

11.2 Style and Stylistics 372

11.3 Style as Rhetoric：The Initial Stage of Stylistics 373

11.4 One Style or Several Styles？ 375

11.5 Aspects of Style：The Writer-style as Writer’s Individual/Personal Singularities 377

11.6 Aspects of Style：The Text-style as Linguistic Sameness （Structural Equivalence） 380

11.7 Aspects of Style：The Text-style as Linguistic Difference （Deviation or Foregrounding） 383

11.8 Aspects of Style：The Reader-style as Reader’s Response 387

11.9 Aspects of Style：The Context：Style as Function 389

11.10 Aspects of Style：The Meaning：Style as Meaning Potential 393

11.11 Concluding Remarks：Linguistics，Literary Criticism，and Stylistics 397

Chapter 12 Computational Linguistics 403

12.1 What Is Computational Linguistics？ 403

12.2 Machine Translation 404

12.3 Corpus Linguistics 413

12.4 Information Retrieval 420

12.5 Looking into the Future 424

Chapter 13 Second Language Acquisition 430

13.1 Introduction 430

13.2 The Role of Internal Mechanisms 431

13.3 The Role of Native Language 440

13.4 Input，Interaction and Output 445

13.5 Non-language Influences 447

13.6 Summary 450

Chapter 14 Modern Theories and Schools of Linguistics 454

14.1 The Beginning of Modern Linguistics 454

14.2 The Prague School and the Copenhagen School 461

14.3 The London School 469

14.4 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 477

14.5 American Structuralism 487

14.6 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 494

14.7 Revisionist/Rebellious Theories 510

14.8 Concluding Remarks 518