SECTION 1
Survey 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
1 The relationship of language and cultureNature，culture，language 4
SECTION 4
Communities of language users 6
ContentsPreface 7
Imagined communities 8
Insiders/outsiders 8
Linguistic relativity 11
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 11
Summary 14
2 Meaning as signThe linguistic sign 15
The meaning of signs 16
Cultural encodings 17
Semantic cohesion 19
The non-arbitrary nature of signs 20
Symbols 21
Summary 23
3 Meaning as actionContext of situation，context of culture 25
Structures of expectation 26
Contextualization cues，situated inferences 27
Pragmatic coherence 28
The co-operative principle 31
Participants'roles and the co-construction of culture 32
Summary 35
4 Spoken language，oral cultureSpeech and writing 37
Indicating status 41
Social positionings 42
Protecting face 46
Conversational style 47
Narrative style 49
Summary 51
5 Print language，literate cultureWritten language，textual culture 53
Print and power 54
Social construction of literacy 55
Text and discourse 57
Literacy event，prior text，point of view 60
Genre 62
Summary 64
6 Language and cultural identityCultural identity 65
Cultural stereotypes 67
Language crossing as act of identity 70
Linguistic nationism 72
Standard language，cultural totem 74
Linguistic and cultural imperialism 76
Summary 77
7 Crrent issuesWho is a native speaker？ 79
Cultural authenticity 80
Cross-cultural，intercultural，multicultural 81
The politics of recognition 82
Readings 85
References 115
Glossary 125