SECTION 1
Survey 1
SECTION 2
In the beginning... 3
SECTION 3
1 Thenatureoflanguage 3
The design of language 4
SECTION 4
Animal communication 8
ContentsPreface 9
Human language：endowment or accomplishment？ 11
Author's preface 12
Language，mind，and social life 13
2 Thescopeoflinguistics 17
Experience and explanation 17
Models and maps 18
Dimensions of idealization 20
Langue and parole 21
Competence and performance 24
Knowledge and ability 27
3 Principles and levels of analysis 29
Type andtoken 29
Principles of classification 30
Dimensions of analysis 32
Levels of analysis 35
4 Areasofenquiry：focus on form 41
The patterns of sound：phonetics and phonology 41
Sound segments 42
？tress and intonation 43
Syllables 43
The construction of words：morphology 45
Derivation and inflection 46
The combination of words：syntax 48
Grammatical systems 49
Constituent structure 50
5 Areas of enquiry：focus on meaning 53
Meaning in language：semantics 53
The meaning of words 53
Semantic components 55
Sense relations 57
Words and phrases 60
Meaning in context：pragmatics 61
Reference，force，and effect 62
Context and schema 63
Negotiation of meaning 65
Relations between utterances 66
The scope of linguistics 69
6 Current issues 69
The data of linguistics 72
The relevance of linguistics 75
Readings 79
References 115
Glossary 125