Chapter Ⅰ. Prerequisites for Translation 1
Section Ⅰ. Importance of Translation 1
Section Ⅱ. Striving to be Both Red Expert 4
Be Dedicated to Work Good at Learning 4
Language Proficiency: A Prerequisite 4
Exposure to a Variety of Linguistic Experiences 5
Vital Importance of General Knowledge 6
Basic Training in 3 Essential Aspects 9
On Daching Oil-Workers Experience 11
Section Ⅰ. The Correct Approach to Translation 11
Chapter Ⅱ. Dialectical-Materialism in Translation 11
On Yen Fu s 3-Character Guide 12
Errors Resulting from a Liberal or a Mechanical Approach 16
Section Ⅱ. Unity of Content Form 18
Translation: A Very Complex Process 18
Accurate Comprehension: Foremost Concern; Adequate Representation: Crucial, Too 19
Views of Western Experts 21
Our Point of View 21
Chapter Ⅲ. Set Our Mind to the Task 23
The Gap can be Closed 23
A Chinese Word Can Be Used in Many Different Senses 24
Section Ⅰ. Analysis Handling of Some Familiar Words 24
An English Word Can Be Used in Many Different Senses 28
Unity of Accurate Comprehension and Adequate Representation 31
Section Ⅱ. Analysis Handling of Proper Nouns Articles in Translation 32
3 Rules on Translation of Proper Names 32
Cases Wherein the Article Is Omitted in E-C Translation (14 Examples) 36
Cases Wherein the Article Has to Be Translated (20 Examples) 37
Section Ⅲ. Analysis Handling of Some Idioms 40
Examples Showing the Rendition of Some Chinese Idioms 40
Differentiation of the Commendatory Term from the Derogatory 43
An Earnest Warning 44
Analysis Handling of Some English Idioms 45
Translation of Colloquial Expressions 49
Absorption of New Expressions 51
Chapter Ⅳ. An Analysis of Translation Techniques (C-E) 57
We Beg to Differ from Two Groups of People 57
What Is a Good Piece of Translation? 58
Translation Techniques Do Play a Helpful Role 59
List of the 8 Basic Translation Techniques 59
50-Odd Sentences Showing the Usefulness of Translation Techniques (C-E) 60
Section Ⅰ. Analysis of Subordination (“分清主从”) 64
5 Different Cases in Which Subordination Is Called for 64
Drill 70
Translation of Important Expressions 71
Section Ⅱ. Analysis of Diction (“选词用字”) 71
In Dealing with Idiomatic Chinese Expressions 81
In Dealing with Structural Words 88
In Using the Correct Singular or Plural Form of a Noun 90
Drill 91
Wording or Rewording of a Text 92
Drill 93
Section Ⅲ. Analysis of Amplification (“增益”) 94
By Supplying Necessary Words to Convey the Real Meaning of the Original 96
By Supplying Pronouns or Nouns 99
By Supplying the Necessary Connectives 99
By Supplying the Required Article 101
Drill 102
Section Ⅳ. Analysis of Omission (“省略法”) 103
Omission of The Recurring Object 103
Omission of the Recurring Verb , or Replacement of It by An Auxiliary V. 104
Omission for Better Economy in Words 105
Repetition as a Stylistic Device 107
Drill 108
Section Ⅴ. Analysis of Conversion (“转换”) 109
Vv. Converted into Nn. 111
Adjj. or Advv. Converted into Nn. 113
Adverbials Converted into Adj. Clauses 114
The Active Converted into the Passive 115
The Wide Use of the Passive in English 117
Drill 117
Section Ⅵ. Analysis of Inversion (“词序调整”) 119
Natural Order in Address, Designation, etc. 119
Natural Order of Adverbials 120
Negative Inversion 121
Order Inverted to Avoid Anti-Climax 122
Order Inverted to Ensure Clarity 124
Wrong Word Order Creates Confusion 125
Drill 126
Peculiarities in Negation 127
Section Ⅶ. Analysis of Negation (“正说反译，反说正译”) 127
The Affirmative vs. the Negative 129
The Use of English Words with Negative Implications 131
The Use of Double Negative for Emphasis 137
Drill 137
Section Ⅷ. Analysis of Division (“长句拆译”) in C-E 138
5 Cases Wherein Division Is Usu. Necessary and Desirable 139
Drill 147
Section Ⅸ. Question of Translatability or Untranslatability 149
Chapter Ⅴ. Applicability of C-E Translation Techniques to E-C Translation 155
Section Ⅰ. C-E Translation Techniques Are Applicable to E-C Translation 155
Omission in C-E vs. Amplification in E-C 156
1. Subordination in E-C 158
Subordination Is Often Not to Be Employed in Isolation 161
2. Diction in E-C 161
Be Mindful of Collocation in Chinese 162
Absorption of New English Expressions 164
Vital Importance of TERMINOLOGY 166
3. Amplification in E-C 170
5 Cases in Which Amplification Is Usu. Called for 170
4. Omission in E-C 175
6 Cases in Which Omission Is Usu. Called for 175
5. Conversion in E-C 178
Nouns in Eng. Converted into Verbs in Chinese 179
Adjj. , Prepp. , or Prepositional Phrases Usu. Converted into Vv. in Chinese 180
The Passive Converted into the Active 181
The Pron. Converted into the Substantive Word 182
6. Inversion in E-C 183
Subordinate Clause Usu. Placed before the Principal Clause 183
Cases Involving an Adverbial Which in Effect Means a Clause 183
Cases Involving a that- Clause Which Is Too Long 185
7. Negation in E-C 187
Grasp the Real Meaning from the Context 188
Implied Double Negative 189
8. Division in E-C 191
A Careful Analysis from 3 Different Angles 192
A Few Rules to Go by 193
Drill (on E-C Translation Techniques) 201
Drill (on Over-Worked Expressions) 204
Section Ⅱ. Analysis Handling of News-Items from Western Press 206
The Features of Western News Reports 206
A Typical Content-packed Sentence 209
There are Better Types of Newspaper English 212
The Usefulness of Reading Western Newspapers and Periodicals 213
On Sources Quoted by Western Reporters 214
The Label lead; the Summary lead; the Main Fact lead; the Combined lead 216
The Component Parts of a News-Item 216
On Translation of News-Items from Western News Agencies 219
Drills on Translation of substantive NewsItems 224
Section Ⅲ. Methods of Analysis in the Handling of Difficult Sentences in E-C Translation 226
Accurate Comprehension: the Basis 226
The Usual Steps to Take in E-C: A 3-Fold Analysis 227
Analysis of 3 Difficult Paragraphs 228
Analysis of an Article to Be Translated 233
Summary 240
Chapter Ⅵ. Genuine Knowledge Comes from Practice 240
Section Ⅰ. Analysis of E-C Passage Translation 35 E-C Exx. 241
Translation of a Piece of Prose 242
Translation of Press Commentaries 245
Translation of Very Formal English (in Documents) 257
Translation of Texts on Legal Matters 269
Scientific Technical Register 273
Translation of Texts on Scientific Technological Matters 274
On Translation of Classical English 287
Of Studies by F. Bacon 288
A Chinese Version in Classical Style 290
3 Points for Reference 291
E-C Translation: A Brief Summary 292
35 E-C Exx. for Independent Work 292
Section Ⅱ. Analysis of C-E passage Translation 35 C-E Exx. 364
Discourse Analysis , Essential 365
Foreigners Are Not Chinese 365
Form Be Appropriate to the Occasion 368
2 Different Versions: to Su?a Formal Informal 368
8 Examples of Application of Translation Techniques to Passage-Translation 371
Analysis of an Article in C-E 374
Translation of Texts on Political and Economic Matters Respectively 378
More on a Translator s Continuing Process of Learning 386
On Translation of Classical Chinese 391
Comprehension: One Cannot Be Too Careful 392
Representation: A Multi-Dimensional Affair 396
Translation of 《十六字令》 402
More Examples 402
10 English Versions of 《静夜思》 403
A Passage from 《红楼梦》 411
Summary 414
35 C-E Exx. for Independent Work 416
Chapter Ⅶ. KEY to Drills Exercises 470
List of KEY to Translation Exx. 470
(Ⅰ) KEY to the 25 Drills on Sentence Translation 475
(Ⅱ) KEY to 35 E-C Translation Exx. (1—35) 501
(Ⅲ) KEY to 35 C-E Translation Exx. (36—70) 552
A BRIEF SUMMARY ON TRANSLATION 642
Appendix 1: Table oR E-C Transliteration 648
Appendix 2: Models for Notices, Invitations, Letters, Diplomatic Notes, etc. 650
Practical Writing 650
The Diplomatic Note 673
Personal Note 675
Note Verbale 678
Additional Exx. on Practical Writing 683
Additional Exx. on Diplomatic Notes 684
Appendix 3: Terms Expressions Relating to Conferences Documents 691
Appendix 4: Romanization of Chinese Names of Persons and Places 700
Appendix 5: A Brief Chinese Chronology 707
Index: References Are to Chapters, Sections and Subsections 710