SECTION Ⅰ.BASIC PRINCIPLES 1
1．Fundamentals of the Nervous System 1
General Plan of the Nervous System 1
Peripheral Nervous System 6
Structure, Function, and Dysfunction of the Nervous System 6
References 7
2．Elements of Nervous Tissue 8
Cellular Aspects of Neural Development 8
Neurons 8
Neuronal Groupings and Connections 12
Neuroglia 13
Metabolic Features of the Brain 17
References 19
Membrane Potential 20
3．Slgnaling in the Nervous System 20
Generator Potential 21
Action Potential 22
The Nerve Cell Membrane Contains Ion Channels 22
The Effects of Myelination 23
Conduction of Action Potentials 23
Clinical Illustration 3-1 26
Synapses 27
Synaptic Transmission 27
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions 28
Synaptic Plasticity and Long-term Potentiation 29
Presynaptic Inhibition 29
The Neuromuscular Junction and the End-plate Potential 30
Neurotransmitters 31
References 34
Case 1 34
SECTIONⅡ.INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL THINKING 35
4．Introduction to Clinical Thinking: The Relationship Between Neuroanatomy and Neurology 35
Symptoms and Signs of Neurologic Diseases 35
Where is the Lesion? 38
What is the Lesion? 39
The Role of Neuroimaging and Laboratory Investigations 41
Clinical Illustration 4-1 42
Clinical Illustration 4-2 42
The Treatment of Patients With Neurologic Disease 43
Clinical Illustration 4-3 43
References 44
External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 45
Development of the Spinal Cord 45
5．The Spinal Cord 45
SECTIONⅢ. SPINAL CORD AND SPINE 45
Spinal Roots and Nerves 48
Internal Divisions of the Spinal Cord 50
Pathways in White Matter 52
Clinical Illustration 5-1 58
Reflexes 58
Lesions in the Motor Pathways 63
Examples of Specific Spinal Cord Disorders 66
Case 2 67
Case 3 68
References 68
6．The Spinal Cord in Situ Imaging 69
Investing Membranes 69
Clinical Illustration 6-1 70
Spinal Cord Circulation 71
The Vertebral Column 72
Lumbar Punctrue 74
Imaging of the Spine and Spinal Cord 76
Case 4 76
Case 5 77
References 80
SECTIONⅣ. ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 81
7．The Brain Stem and Cerebelium 81
Development of the Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves 81
Organization of the Brain Stem 81
Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem 84
Medulla 86
Pons 89
Midbrain 90
Vascularization 91
Clinical Illustration 7-1 92
Clinical Illustration 7-2 93
Cerebellum 94
Case 6 100
Case 7 100
References 102
8．Cranial Nerves and Pathways 103
Origin of Cranial Nerve Fibers 103
Functional Components of the Cranial Nerves 103
Anatomic Relationships of the Cranial Nerves 106
Case 8 121
Case 9 122
References 122
Thalamus 123
9．Diencephalon 123
Hypothalamus 126
Subthalamus 131
Epithalamus 132
Circumventricular Organs 133
Case 10 133
References 134
10．Cerebral Hemispheres/Teiencephaion 135
Development 135
Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres 135
Microscopic Structure of the Cortex 141
Physiology of Specialized Cortical Regions 146
Basal Ganglia 147
Internal Capsule 150
Case 12 151
Case 11 151
References 152
11．Ventricles and Coverings of the Brain 153
Ventricular System 153
Meninges and Spaces 155
Cerebrospinal Fluid 157
Barriers in the Nervous System 158
Skull 161
Case 13 166
Case 14 166
References 167
12．Vascuiarization 168
Arterial Supply of the Brain 168
Venous Drainage 172
Cerebrovascular Disorders 175
Clinical Illustration 12-1 180
Case 16 186
Case 15 186
References 187
SECTIONⅤ. FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS 189
13．Control of Movement 189
Control of Movement 189
Major Motor Systems 189
Motor Disturbances 195
Case 17 200
Case 18 200
References 200
14．Somatosensory systems 202
Sensation 202
Pain 204
References 207
Case 19 207
Case 20 207
15．The Visual System 208
The Eye 208
Visual Pathways 214
Clinical Illustration 15-1 218
The Visual Cortex 218
Case 21 221
Referecces 221
16．The Auditory System 222
Anatomy and Function 222
Auditory Pathways 223
Case 22 226
References 226
Functions 227
Vestibular Pathways 227
17．The Vestibular System 227
Anatomy 227
Case 23 229
References 230
18．The Reticular Formation 231
Anatomy 231
Functions 231
Case 24 234
References 235
19．The Limbic System 236
The Limbic Lobe and Limbic System 236
Olfactory System 236
Clinical Illustration 19-1 239
Hippocampal Formation 239
Functions and Disorders 245
Case 25 246
References 247
20．The Autonomic Nervous System 248
Autonomic Outflow 248
Autonomic Innervation of the Head 254
Visceral Afferent Pathways 255
Transmitter Substances 256
Hierarchical Organization and Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 259
Case 26 263
References 263
21．Higher Cortical Functions 264
Frontal Lobe Functions 264
Language and Speech 264
Memory and Learning 270
Cerebral Dominance 270
Epilepsy 271
Clinical Illustration 21-1 273
Case 27 275
Case 28 275
References 275
22．Aging, Degeneration, Regeneration, and Piasticity 276
Neurobiology of Aging 276
Dementia 278
Neurotrophic Factors 280
Degeneration and Regeneration 282
Neurogenesis 284
Clinical Illustration 22-1 284
Neural Plasticity 285
References 286
Case 29 286
SECTIONⅥ. DIAGNOSTIC AIDS 287
23．Imaging of the Brain 287
Skull X-rays 287
Angiography 287
Ultrasonography 290
Computed Tomography 290
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 293
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 295
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 295
Functional Magnetic Resonance. Imaging 295
Positron Emission Tomography 296
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 297
References 299
Electroencephalography 300
24．Electrodiagnostic Tests 300
Evoked Potentials 301
Tanscranial Motor Cortical Stimulation 303
Electromyography 305
Nerve Conduction Studies 307
References 308
25．Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination 309
Indications 309
Contraindications 309
Analysis of the CSF 309
References 310
SECTIONⅦ. DISCUSSION OF CASES 311
26．Discussion of Cases 311
The Location of Lesions 311
The Nature of Lesions 312
Cases 313
References 329
Appendix A: The Neuroiogic Examination 331
Examining Children and Adults 331
History 331
The Physical Examination 331
The Neurologic Examination 332
Examining Neonates 336
General Status 336
The Neurologic Examination 336
Appendix B: Testing Muscle Function 338
Appendix C: Spinal Nerves and Piexuses 355
Appendix D: Questions and Answers 372
Index 381