神经解剖学纲要 英文版PDF电子书下载

SECTION Ⅰ.BASIC PRINCIPLES 1

1．Fundamentals of the Nervous System 1

General Plan of the Nervous System 1

Peripheral Nervous System 6

Structure, Function, and Dysfunction of the Nervous System 6

References 7

2．Elements of Nervous Tissue 8

Cellular Aspects of Neural Development 8

Neurons 8

Neuronal Groupings and Connections 12

Neuroglia 13

Metabolic Features of the Brain 17

References 19

Membrane Potential 20

3．Slgnaling in the Nervous System 20

Generator Potential 21

Action Potential 22

The Nerve Cell Membrane Contains Ion Channels 22

The Effects of Myelination 23

Conduction of Action Potentials 23

Clinical Illustration 3-1 26

Synapses 27

Synaptic Transmission 27

Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions 28

Synaptic Plasticity and Long-term Potentiation 29

Presynaptic Inhibition 29

The Neuromuscular Junction and the End-plate Potential 30

Neurotransmitters 31

References 34

Case 1 34

SECTIONⅡ.INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL THINKING 35

4．Introduction to Clinical Thinking: The Relationship Between Neuroanatomy and Neurology 35

Symptoms and Signs of Neurologic Diseases 35

Where is the Lesion? 38

What is the Lesion? 39

The Role of Neuroimaging and Laboratory Investigations 41

Clinical Illustration 4-1 42

Clinical Illustration 4-2 42

The Treatment of Patients With Neurologic Disease 43

Clinical Illustration 4-3 43

References 44

External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 45

Development of the Spinal Cord 45

5．The Spinal Cord 45

SECTIONⅢ. SPINAL CORD AND SPINE 45

Spinal Roots and Nerves 48

Internal Divisions of the Spinal Cord 50

Pathways in White Matter 52

Clinical Illustration 5-1 58

Reflexes 58

Lesions in the Motor Pathways 63

Examples of Specific Spinal Cord Disorders 66

Case 2 67

Case 3 68

References 68

6．The Spinal Cord in Situ Imaging 69

Investing Membranes 69

Clinical Illustration 6-1 70

Spinal Cord Circulation 71

The Vertebral Column 72

Lumbar Punctrue 74

Imaging of the Spine and Spinal Cord 76

Case 4 76

Case 5 77

References 80

SECTIONⅣ. ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 81

7．The Brain Stem and Cerebelium 81

Development of the Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves 81

Organization of the Brain Stem 81

Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem 84

Medulla 86

Pons 89

Midbrain 90

Vascularization 91

Clinical Illustration 7-1 92

Clinical Illustration 7-2 93

Cerebellum 94

Case 6 100

Case 7 100

References 102

8．Cranial Nerves and Pathways 103

Origin of Cranial Nerve Fibers 103

Functional Components of the Cranial Nerves 103

Anatomic Relationships of the Cranial Nerves 106

Case 8 121

Case 9 122

References 122

Thalamus 123

9．Diencephalon 123

Hypothalamus 126

Subthalamus 131

Epithalamus 132

Circumventricular Organs 133

Case 10 133

References 134

10．Cerebral Hemispheres/Teiencephaion 135

Development 135

Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres 135

Microscopic Structure of the Cortex 141

Physiology of Specialized Cortical Regions 146

Basal Ganglia 147

Internal Capsule 150

Case 12 151

Case 11 151

References 152

11．Ventricles and Coverings of the Brain 153

Ventricular System 153

Meninges and Spaces 155

Cerebrospinal Fluid 157

Barriers in the Nervous System 158

Skull 161

Case 13 166

Case 14 166

References 167

12．Vascuiarization 168

Arterial Supply of the Brain 168

Venous Drainage 172

Cerebrovascular Disorders 175

Clinical Illustration 12-1 180

Case 16 186

Case 15 186

References 187

SECTIONⅤ. FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS 189

13．Control of Movement 189

Control of Movement 189

Major Motor Systems 189

Motor Disturbances 195

Case 17 200

Case 18 200

References 200

14．Somatosensory systems 202

Sensation 202

Pain 204

References 207

Case 19 207

Case 20 207

15．The Visual System 208

The Eye 208

Visual Pathways 214

Clinical Illustration 15-1 218

The Visual Cortex 218

Case 21 221

Referecces 221

16．The Auditory System 222

Anatomy and Function 222

Auditory Pathways 223

Case 22 226

References 226

Functions 227

Vestibular Pathways 227

17．The Vestibular System 227

Anatomy 227

Case 23 229

References 230

18．The Reticular Formation 231

Anatomy 231

Functions 231

Case 24 234

References 235

19．The Limbic System 236

The Limbic Lobe and Limbic System 236

Olfactory System 236

Clinical Illustration 19-1 239

Hippocampal Formation 239

Functions and Disorders 245

Case 25 246

References 247

20．The Autonomic Nervous System 248

Autonomic Outflow 248

Autonomic Innervation of the Head 254

Visceral Afferent Pathways 255

Transmitter Substances 256

Hierarchical Organization and Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 259

Case 26 263

References 263

21．Higher Cortical Functions 264

Frontal Lobe Functions 264

Language and Speech 264

Memory and Learning 270

Cerebral Dominance 270

Epilepsy 271

Clinical Illustration 21-1 273

Case 27 275

Case 28 275

References 275

22．Aging, Degeneration, Regeneration, and Piasticity 276

Neurobiology of Aging 276

Dementia 278

Neurotrophic Factors 280

Degeneration and Regeneration 282

Neurogenesis 284

Clinical Illustration 22-1 284

Neural Plasticity 285

References 286

Case 29 286

SECTIONⅥ. DIAGNOSTIC AIDS 287

23．Imaging of the Brain 287

Skull X-rays 287

Angiography 287

Ultrasonography 290

Computed Tomography 290

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 293

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 295

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 295

Functional Magnetic Resonance. Imaging 295

Positron Emission Tomography 296

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 297

References 299

Electroencephalography 300

24．Electrodiagnostic Tests 300

Evoked Potentials 301

Tanscranial Motor Cortical Stimulation 303

Electromyography 305

Nerve Conduction Studies 307

References 308

25．Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination 309

Indications 309

Contraindications 309

Analysis of the CSF 309

References 310

SECTIONⅦ. DISCUSSION OF CASES 311

26．Discussion of Cases 311

The Location of Lesions 311

The Nature of Lesions 312

Cases 313

References 329

Appendix A: The Neuroiogic Examination 331

Examining Children and Adults 331

History 331

The Physical Examination 331

The Neurologic Examination 332

Examining Neonates 336

General Status 336

The Neurologic Examination 336

Appendix B: Testing Muscle Function 338

Appendix C: Spinal Nerves and Piexuses 355

Appendix D: Questions and Answers 372

Index 381