CHAPTER 1 A Human Perspective 1
Credits 1
Glossary 1
Appendix 1
Chapter 1 1
Index 1
A Human Perspective 1
1.1 Biologically Speaking 2
1.2 The Process of Science 8
1.3 Science and Social Responsibility 11
CHAPTER 2 Chemistry of Life 15
Chapter 2 15
Chemistry of Life 15
2.1 Elements and Atoms 16
2.2 Molecules and Compounds 19
2.3 Water and Living Things 21
2.4 Molecules of Life 26
2.5 Carbohydrates 27
2.6 Lipids 29
2.7 Proteins 31
2.8 Nucleic Acids 35
Chapter 3 41
Cell Structure and Function 41
CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Function 41
3.1 Cell Size 42
3.2 Cellular Organization 44
3.3 Cellular Metabolism 54
CHAPTER 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems 61
Organization and Regulation of Body Systerns 61
4.1 Types of Tissues 62
4.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes 69
4.3 Organ Systems 70
4.4 Homeostasis 74
CHAPTER 5 Digestive System and Nutrition 81
Chapter 4 81
Digestive System and Nutrition 81
Chapter 5 81
5.1 The Digestive System 82
5.2 Three Accessory Organs 90
5.3 Digestive Enzymes 92
5.4 Homeostasis 95
5.5 Nutrition 95
Composition and Function of the Blood 109
Chapter 6 109
CHAPTER 6 Composition and Function of the Blood 109
6.1 The Red Blood Cells 111
6.2 The White Blood Cells 115
6.3 Blood Clotting 116
6.4 Plasma 118
6.5 Capillary Exchange 118
6.6 Blood Typing 120
CHAPTER 7 Cardiovascular System 125
Chapter 7 125
Cardiovascular System 125
7.1 The Blood Vessels 126
7.2 The Heart 128
7.3 Features of the Cardiovascular System 132
7.4 The Vascular Pathways 134
7.5 Cardiovascular Disorders 137
7.6 Homeostasis 139
Lymphatic and Immune Systems 145
Chapter 8 145
CHAPTER 8 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 145
8.1 Lymphatic System 146
8.2 Nonspecific Defenses 148
8.3 Specific Defenses 150
8.4 Induced Immunity 156
8.5 Immunity Side Effects 158
8.6 Homeostasis 160
CHAPTER 9 Respiratory System 165
Respiratory System 165
Chapter 9 165
9.1 Respiratory Tract 166
9.2 Mechanism of Breathing 170
9.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body 174
9.4 Respiration and Health 177
9.5 Homeostasis 184
Chapter 10 187
Urinary System and Excretion 187
CHAPTER 10 Urinary System and Excretion 187
10.1 Urinary System 188
10.2 Kidneys 191
10.3 Urine Formation 195
10.4 Maintaining Water-Salt Balance 196
10.6 Homeostasis 199
10.5 Maintaining Acid-Base Balance 199
10.7 Problems with Kidney Function 200
Skeletal System 205
CHAPTER 11 Skeletal System 205
Chapter 11 205
11.1 Tissues of the Skeletal System 206
11.2 Bone Growth and Repair 208
11.3 Bones of the Skeleton 211
11.4 Articulations 218
11.5 Homeostasis 220
CHAPTER 12 Muscular System 225
Muscular System 225
Chapter 12 225
12.1 Skeletal Muscles 226
12.2 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction 231
12.3 Whole Muscle Contraction 234
12.4 Energy for Muscle Contraction 236
12.5 Homeostasis 240
Humans 245
Nervous System 245
Chapter 13 245
CHAPTER 13 Nervous System 245
13.1 Nervous Tissue 246
13.2 The Central Nervous System 252
13.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions 257
13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 260
13.5 Drug Abuse 264
13.6 Homeostasis 266
Senses 271
CHAPTER 14 Senses 271
Chapter 14 271
14.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 272
14.2 Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors 274
14.3 Chemical Senses 276
14.4 Sense of Vision 278
14.5 Sense of Hearing 284
14.6 Sense of Equilibrium 287
Chapter 15 293
CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System 293
Endocrine System 293
15.1 Endocrine Glands 294
15.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 296
15.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 299
15.4 Adrenal Glands 301
15.5 Pancreas 304
15.6 Other Endocrine Glands 306
15.7 Chemical Signals 309
Chapter 16 317
Reproductive System 317
CHAPTER 16 Reproductive System 317
16.1 Male Reproductive System 318
16.2 Female Reproductive System 322
16.3 Female Hormone Levels 325
16.4 Control of Reproduction 329
16.5 Homeostasis 333
CHAPTER 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 339
Sexually Transrnitted Diseases 339
17.1 Viral Infectionus Diseases 340
17.2 Bacterial Infectious Diseases 345
17.3 Other Infecrious Diseases 351
AIDS Supplement 355
AIDS Supplement 355
S.1 Origin and Scope of the AIDS Pandemic 356
S.2 Phases of an HIV Infection 358
S.3 Treatment for HIV 360
CHAPTER 18 Development and Aging 363
Development and Aging 363
Chapter 18 363
18.1 Fertilization 364
18.2 Development Before Birth 366
18.3 Development of Male and Female Sex Organs 374
18.4 Birth 376
18.5 Development After Birth 378
Chromosomal Inheritance 385
CHAPTER 19 Chromosomal Inheritance 385
Chapter 19 385
19.1 Human Life Cycle 386
19.2 Mitosis 387
19.3 Meiosis 390
19.4 Chromosomal Inheritance 395
Chapter 20 403
Genes and Medical Genetics 403
CHAPTER 20 Genes and Medical Genetics 403
20.1 Genotype and Phenotype 404
20.2 Dominant/Recessive Traits 405
20.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns 411
20.4 Sex-Linked Traits 414
Chapter 21 421
DNA and Biotechnology 421
CHAPTER 21 DNA and Biotechnology 421
21.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function 422
21.2 Gene Expression 426
21.3 Biotechnology 432
CHAPTER 22 Cancer 443
Chapter 22 443
Cancer 443
22.1 Cancer Cells 444
22.2 Origin of Cancer 446
22.3 Causes of Cancer 448
22.4 Diagnosis and Treatment 450
CHAPTER 23 Human Evolution 461
Human Evolution 461
Chapter 23 461
23.1 Origin of Life 462
23.2 Biological Evolution 463
23.3 Humans Are Primates 466
23.4 Evolution of Australopithecines 468
23.5 Evolution of Humans 469
Chapter 24 477
CHAPTER 24 Ecosystems and Human Interferences 477
Ecosystems and Human Interferences 477
24.1 The Nature of Ecosystems 478
24.2 Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling 481
24.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 484
CHAPTER 25 Conservation of Biodiversity 497
Chapter 25 497
Conservation of Biodiversity 497
25.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity 498
25.2 Value of Biodiversity 500
25.3 Causes of Extinction 504
25.4 Conservation Techniques 508