The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences 1
Acquisition, Formal Theories of 1
Adaptation and Adaptationism 3
Affordances 4
Aging and Cognition 6
Aging, Memory, and the Brain 7
AI and Education 9
Algorithm 11
Altruism 12
Ambiguity 14
Amygdala, Primate 15
Analogy 17
Anaphora 20
Animal Communication 22
Animal Navigation 24
Animal Navigation, Neural Networks 26
Animism 28
Anomalous Monism 30
Aphasia 31
Articulation 33
Artifacts and Civilization 35
Artificial Life 37
Attention 39
Attention in the Animal Brain 41
Attention in the Human Brain 43
Attribution Theory 46
Audition 48
Auditory Attention 50
Auditory Physiology 52
Auditory Plasticity 56
Autism 58
Automata 60
Automaticity 63
Autonomy of Psyhology 64
Bartlett, Frederic Charles 66
Basal Ganglia 67
Bayesian Learning 70
Bayesian Networks 72
Behavior-Based Robotics 74
Behaviorism 77
Bilingualism and the Brain 80
Binding by Neural Synchrony 81
Binding Problem 85
Binding Theory 86
Unity of Science 86
Blindsight 88
Bloomfield, Leonard 90
Boas Franz 91
Bounded Rationality 92
Brentano, Franz 94
Broadbent, Donald E. 95
Broca, Paul 97
Cajal, Santiago Ramón y 98
Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy 99
Categorial Grammar 101
Categorization 104
Causal Reasoning 106
Causation 108
Cerebellum 110
Cerebral Cortex 111
Chess, Psychology of 113
Chinese Room Argument 115
Church-Turing Thesis 116
Codeswitching 118
Cognitive Anthropology 120
Cognitive Archaeology 122
Cognitive Architecture 124
Cognitive Artifacts 126
Cognitive Development 128
Cognitive Ergonomics 130
Cognitive Ethology 132
Cognitive Linguistics 134
Cognitive Maps 135
Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist 137
Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic 141
Color Categorization 143
Color, Neurophysiology of 145
Color Vision 147
Columns and Modules 148
Comparative Psychology 150
Compositionality 152
Computation 153
Computation and the Brain 155
Computational Complexity 158
Computational Learning Theory 159
Computational Lexicons 160
Computational Linguistics 162
Computational Neuroanatomy 164
Computational Neuroscience 166
Computational Psycholinguistics 168
Computational Theory Of Mind 170
Computational Vision 172
Computing in Single Neurons 174
Concepts 176
Conceptual Change 179
Conditioning 182
Conditioning and the Brain 184
Connectionism, Philosophical Issues 186
Connectionist Approaches to Language 188
Consciousness 190
Consciousness, Neurobiology of 193
Constraint Satisfaction 195
Context and Point of View 198
Control Theory 199
Cooperation and Competition 201
Cortical Localization, History of 203
Creativity 205
Creoles 206
Cultural Consensus Theory 208
Cultural Evolution 209
Cultural Psychology 211
Cultural Relativism 213
Cultural Symbolism 216
Cultural Variation 217
Darwin, Charles 218
Decision Making 220
Decision Trees 223
Deductive Reasoning 225
Depth Perception 227
Descartes, René 229
Discourse 231
Dissonance 233
Distinctive Features 234
Distributed vs. Local Representation 236
Domain-Specificity 238
Dominance in Animal Social Groups 240
Dreaming 242
Gestalt Perception 244
Dynamic Approaches to Cognition 244
Dynamic Programming 246
Dynamic Semantics 247
Dyslexia 249
Ebbinghaus, Hermann 251
Echolocation 253
Ecological Psychology 255
Ecological Validity 257
Economics and Cognitive Science 259
Education 261
Electrophysiology, Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields 262
Eliminative Materialism 265
Emergentism 267
Emotion and the Animal Brain 269
Emotion and the Human Brain 271
Emotions 273
Epiphenomenalism 275
Episodic vs. Semantic Memory 278
Epistemology and Cognition 280
Essentialism 282
Ethics and Evolution 284
Ethnopsychology 286
Ethology 288
Evolution 290
Evolution of Language 292
Evolutionary Computation 293
Evolutionary Psychology 295
Expertise 298
Explanation 300
Explanation-Based Learning 301
Explanatory Gap 304
Extensionality, Thesis of 305
Eye Movements and Visual Attention 306
Face Recognition 309
Feature Detectors 311
Figurative Language 314
Focus 315
Folk Biology 317
Folk Psychology 319
Formal Grammars 320
Formal Systems, Properties of 322
Frame-Based Systems 324
Frame Problem 326
Frege, Gottlob 327
Freud, Sigmund 328
Functional Decomposition 329
Functional Role Semantics 331
Functionalism 332
Fuzzy Logic 335
Game-Playing Systems 336
Game Theory 338
Generative Grammar 340
Geschwind, Norman 343
Gestalt Psychology 346
Gibson, James Jerome 349
Godel s Theorems 351
Golgi, Camillo 352
Grammar, Neural Basis of 354
Grammatical Relations 355
Greedy Local Search 357
Grice, H. Paul 359
Haptic Perception 360
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 362
Head Movement 364
Hebb, Donald O. 366
Helmboltz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von 367
Hemispheric Specialization 369
Heuristic Search 372
Hidden Markov Models 373
High-Level Vision 374
Hippocampus 377
Human-Computer Interaction 379
Human Navigation 380
Human Universals 382
Hume, David 384
Illusions 385
Imagery 387
Imitation 389
Implicature 391
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory 394
Indexicals and Demonstratives 395
Individualism 397
Induction 399
Inductive Logic Programming 400
Infant Cognition 402
Information Theory 404
Informational Semantics 406
Innateness of Language 408
Intelligence 409
Intelligent Agent Architecture 411
Intentional Stance 412
Intentionality 413
Intersubjectivity 415
Introspection 419
Jakobson, Roman 421
James, William 422
Judgment Heuristics 423
Justification 425
Kant, Immanuel 427
Knowledge Acquisition 428
Knowledge-Based Systems 430
Knowledge Representation 432
Language Acquisition 434
Language and Communication 438
Language and Culture 441
Language and Gender 442
Language and Thought 444
Language Impairment, Developmental 446
Language, Neural Basis of 448
Language of Thought 451
Language Production 453
Language Variation and Change 456
Lashley, Karl S. 458
Learning 460
Learning Systems 461
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 463
Lexical Functional Grammar 464
Lexicon 467
Lexicon, Neural Basis 469
Lightness Perception 471
Limbic System 472
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 475
Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar 476
Linguistics, Philosophical Issues 478
Literacy 481
Logic 482
Logic Programming 484
Logical Form in Linguistics 486
Logical Form, Origins of 488
Logical Omniscience, Problem of 489
Logical Reasoning Systems 491
Long-Term Potentiation 492
Luria, Alexander Romanovich 494
Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis 495
Machine Learning 497
Machine Translation 498
Machine Vision 501
Magic and Superstition 503
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 505
Malinowski, Bronislaw 507
Manipulation and Grasping 508
Marr, David 511
McCulloch, Warren S. 512
Meaning 513
Memory 514
Memory, Animal Studies 517
Memory, Human Neuropsychology 520
Memory Storage, Modulation of 522
Mental Causation 524
Mental Models 525
Mental Representation 527
Mental Retardation 529
Mental Rotation 531
Metacognition 533
Metaphor 535
Metaphor and Culture 537
Metareasoning 539
Metarepresentation 541
Meter and Poetry 543
Mid-Level Vision 545
Mind-Body Problem 546
Minimalism 548
Minimum Description Length 550
Mobile Robots 551
Modal Logic 554
Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits 555
Modularity and Language 557
Modularity of Mind 558
Moral Psychology 561
Morphology 562
Motion, Perception of 564
Motivation 566
Motivation and Culture 568
Motor Control 570
Motor Learning 571
Multiagent Systems 573
Multisensory Integration 574
Naive Mathematics 575
Naive Physics 577
Naive Sociology 579
Narrow Content 581
Nativism 583
Nativism, History of 586
Natural Kinds 588
Natural Language Generation 589
Natural Language Processing 592
Neural Development 594
Neural Networks 597
Neural Plasticity 598
Neuroendocrinology 601
Neuron 603
Neurotransmitters 605
Newell, Allen 607
Nonmonotonic Logics 608
Numeracy and Culture 611
Object Recognition, Animal Studies 613
Object Recognition, Human Neuropsychology 615
Oculomotor Control 618
Optimality Theory 620
Pain 622
Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition, Creolization, and Diachrony 624
Parsimony and Simplicity 627
Pattern Recognition and Feed-Forward Networks 629
Penfield, Wilder 631
Perceptual Development 632
Phantom Limb 635
Phonetics 636
Phonological Rules and Processes 637
Phonology 639
Phonology, Acquisition of 641
Phonology, Neural Basis of 643
Physicalism 645
Piaget, Jean 647
Pictorial Art and Vision 648
Pitts, Walter 651
Planning 652
Polysynthetic Languages 654
Positron Emission Tomography 656
Possible Worlds Semantics 659
Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments 660
Pragmatics 661
Presupposition 664
Primate Cognition 666
Primate Language 669
Probabilistic Reasoning 671
Probability, Foundations of 673
Problem Solving 674
Production Systems 676
Propositional Attitudes 678
Prosody and Intonation 679
Prosody and Intonation, Processing Issues 682
Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Views 683
Psychoanalysis, History of 685
Psycholinguistics 688
Psychological Laws 690
Psychophysics 691
Qualia 693
Quantifiers 694
Radical Interpretation 696
Rational Agency 698
Rational Choice Theory 699
Rational Decision Making 701
Rationalism vs. Empiricism 703
Reading 705
Realism and Anti-Realism 707
Recurrent Networks 709
Reductionism 712
Reference, Theories of 714
Reinforcement Learning 715
Relational Grammar 717
Relevance and Relevance Theory 719
Religious Ideas and Practices 720
Retina 722
Robotics and Learning 723
Rules and Representations 724
Sapir, Edward 726
Saussure, Ferdinand de 728
Schemata 729
Scientific Thinking and Its Development 730
Self 733
Self-Knowledge 735
Self-Organizing Systems 737
Semantics 739
Semantics, Acquisition of 742
Semiotics and Cognition 744
Sensations 745
Sense and Reference 746
Sentence Processing 748
Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary Psychology of 751
Shape Perception 753
Sign Language and the Brain 756
Sing Languages 758
Signal Detection Theory 760
Similarity 763
Simulation vs. Theory-Theory 765
Single-Neuron Recording 766
Situated Cognition and Learning 767
Situatedness/Embeddedness 769
Sleep 772
Smell 775
Social Cognition 777
Situation Calculus 777
Social Cognition in Animals 778
Social Play Behavior 780
Sociobiology 783
Spatial Perception 784
Speech Perception 787
Speech Recognition in Machines 790
Speech Synthesis 792
Sperry, Roger Wolcott 794
Spoken Word Recognition 796
Statistical Learning Theory 798
Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing 801
Stereo and Motion Perception 802
Stereotyping 804
Stress 806
Stress, Linguistic 808
Structure form Visual Information Sources 810
Supervenience 812
Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks 814
Surface Perception 816
Syntax 818
Syntax, Acquisition of 820
Syntax-Semantics Interface 824
Taste 826
Technology and Human Evolution 828
Temporal Reasoning 829
Tense and Aspect 831
Teuber, Hans-Lukas 832
Texture 833
Thalamus 835
Thematic Roles 837
Theory of Mind 838
Time in the Mind 841
Tone 843
Top-Down Processing in Vision 844
Transparency 845
Turing, Alan Mathison 847
Tversky, Amos 849
Twin Earth 850
Typology 852
Uncertainty 853
Unsupervised Learning 857
Utility Theory 859
Vagueness 861
Vision and Learning 863
Visual Anatomy and Physiology 864
Visual Cortex, Cell Types and Connections in 867
Visual Neglect 869
Visual Object Recognition, AI 871
Visual Processing Streams 873
Visual Word Recognition 875
Von Neumann, John 876
Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich 878
Walking and Running Machines 879
Wh-Movement 882
What-It s-Like 883
Wiener, Norbert 884
Word Meaning, Acquisition of 886
Working Memory 888
Working Memory, Neural Basis of 890
Writing Systems 894
Wundt, Wilhelm 896
X-Bar Theory 898
List of Contributors 901
Name Index 913
Subject Index 945