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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences 1

Acquisition, Formal Theories of 1

Adaptation and Adaptationism 3

Affordances 4

Aging and Cognition 6

Aging, Memory, and the Brain 7

AI and Education 9

Algorithm 11

Altruism 12

Ambiguity 14

Amygdala, Primate 15

Analogy 17

Anaphora 20

Animal Communication 22

Animal Navigation 24

Animal Navigation, Neural Networks 26

Animism 28

Anomalous Monism 30

Aphasia 31

Articulation 33

Artifacts and Civilization 35

Artificial Life 37

Attention 39

Attention in the Animal Brain 41

Attention in the Human Brain 43

Attribution Theory 46

Audition 48

Auditory Attention 50

Auditory Physiology 52

Auditory Plasticity 56

Autism 58

Automata 60

Automaticity 63

Autonomy of Psyhology 64

Bartlett, Frederic Charles 66

Basal Ganglia 67

Bayesian Learning 70

Bayesian Networks 72

Behavior-Based Robotics 74

Behaviorism 77

Bilingualism and the Brain 80

Binding by Neural Synchrony 81

Binding Problem 85

Binding Theory 86

Unity of Science 86

Blindsight 88

Bloomfield, Leonard 90

Boas Franz 91

Bounded Rationality 92

Brentano, Franz 94

Broadbent, Donald E. 95

Broca, Paul 97

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y 98

Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy 99

Categorial Grammar 101

Categorization 104

Causal Reasoning 106

Causation 108

Cerebellum 110

Cerebral Cortex 111

Chess, Psychology of 113

Chinese Room Argument 115

Church-Turing Thesis 116

Codeswitching 118

Cognitive Anthropology 120

Cognitive Archaeology 122

Cognitive Architecture 124

Cognitive Artifacts 126

Cognitive Development 128

Cognitive Ergonomics 130

Cognitive Ethology 132

Cognitive Linguistics 134

Cognitive Maps 135

Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist 137

Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic 141

Color Categorization 143

Color, Neurophysiology of 145

Color Vision 147

Columns and Modules 148

Comparative Psychology 150

Compositionality 152

Computation 153

Computation and the Brain 155

Computational Complexity 158

Computational Learning Theory 159

Computational Lexicons 160

Computational Linguistics 162

Computational Neuroanatomy 164

Computational Neuroscience 166

Computational Psycholinguistics 168

Computational Theory Of Mind 170

Computational Vision 172

Computing in Single Neurons 174

Concepts 176

Conceptual Change 179

Conditioning 182

Conditioning and the Brain 184

Connectionism, Philosophical Issues 186

Connectionist Approaches to Language 188

Consciousness 190

Consciousness, Neurobiology of 193

Constraint Satisfaction 195

Context and Point of View 198

Control Theory 199

Cooperation and Competition 201

Cortical Localization, History of 203

Creativity 205

Creoles 206

Cultural Consensus Theory 208

Cultural Evolution 209

Cultural Psychology 211

Cultural Relativism 213

Cultural Symbolism 216

Cultural Variation 217

Darwin, Charles 218

Decision Making 220

Decision Trees 223

Deductive Reasoning 225

Depth Perception 227

Descartes, René 229

Discourse 231

Dissonance 233

Distinctive Features 234

Distributed vs. Local Representation 236

Domain-Specificity 238

Dominance in Animal Social Groups 240

Dreaming 242

Gestalt Perception 244

Dynamic Approaches to Cognition 244

Dynamic Programming 246

Dynamic Semantics 247

Dyslexia 249

Ebbinghaus, Hermann 251

Echolocation 253

Ecological Psychology 255

Ecological Validity 257

Economics and Cognitive Science 259

Education 261

Electrophysiology, Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields 262

Eliminative Materialism 265

Emergentism 267

Emotion and the Animal Brain 269

Emotion and the Human Brain 271

Emotions 273

Epiphenomenalism 275

Episodic vs. Semantic Memory 278

Epistemology and Cognition 280

Essentialism 282

Ethics and Evolution 284

Ethnopsychology 286

Ethology 288

Evolution 290

Evolution of Language 292

Evolutionary Computation 293

Evolutionary Psychology 295

Expertise 298

Explanation 300

Explanation-Based Learning 301

Explanatory Gap 304

Extensionality, Thesis of 305

Eye Movements and Visual Attention 306

Face Recognition 309

Feature Detectors 311

Figurative Language 314

Focus 315

Folk Biology 317

Folk Psychology 319

Formal Grammars 320

Formal Systems, Properties of 322

Frame-Based Systems 324

Frame Problem 326

Frege, Gottlob 327

Freud, Sigmund 328

Functional Decomposition 329

Functional Role Semantics 331

Functionalism 332

Fuzzy Logic 335

Game-Playing Systems 336

Game Theory 338

Generative Grammar 340

Geschwind, Norman 343

Gestalt Psychology 346

Gibson, James Jerome 349

Godel s Theorems 351

Golgi, Camillo 352

Grammar, Neural Basis of 354

Grammatical Relations 355

Greedy Local Search 357

Grice, H. Paul 359

Haptic Perception 360

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 362

Head Movement 364

Hebb, Donald O. 366

Helmboltz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von 367

Hemispheric Specialization 369

Heuristic Search 372

Hidden Markov Models 373

High-Level Vision 374

Hippocampus 377

Human-Computer Interaction 379

Human Navigation 380

Human Universals 382

Hume, David 384

Illusions 385

Imagery 387

Imitation 389

Implicature 391

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory 394

Indexicals and Demonstratives 395

Individualism 397

Induction 399

Inductive Logic Programming 400

Infant Cognition 402

Information Theory 404

Informational Semantics 406

Innateness of Language 408

Intelligence 409

Intelligent Agent Architecture 411

Intentional Stance 412

Intentionality 413

Intersubjectivity 415

Introspection 419

Jakobson, Roman 421

James, William 422

Judgment Heuristics 423

Justification 425

Kant, Immanuel 427

Knowledge Acquisition 428

Knowledge-Based Systems 430

Knowledge Representation 432

Language Acquisition 434

Language and Communication 438

Language and Culture 441

Language and Gender 442

Language and Thought 444

Language Impairment, Developmental 446

Language, Neural Basis of 448

Language of Thought 451

Language Production 453

Language Variation and Change 456

Lashley, Karl S. 458

Learning 460

Learning Systems 461

Lévi-Strauss, Claude 463

Lexical Functional Grammar 464

Lexicon 467

Lexicon, Neural Basis 469

Lightness Perception 471

Limbic System 472

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 475

Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar 476

Linguistics, Philosophical Issues 478

Literacy 481

Logic 482

Logic Programming 484

Logical Form in Linguistics 486

Logical Form, Origins of 488

Logical Omniscience, Problem of 489

Logical Reasoning Systems 491

Long-Term Potentiation 492

Luria, Alexander Romanovich 494

Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis 495

Machine Learning 497

Machine Translation 498

Machine Vision 501

Magic and Superstition 503

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 505

Malinowski, Bronislaw 507

Manipulation and Grasping 508

Marr, David 511

McCulloch, Warren S. 512

Meaning 513

Memory 514

Memory, Animal Studies 517

Memory, Human Neuropsychology 520

Memory Storage, Modulation of 522

Mental Causation 524

Mental Models 525

Mental Representation 527

Mental Retardation 529

Mental Rotation 531

Metacognition 533

Metaphor 535

Metaphor and Culture 537

Metareasoning 539

Metarepresentation 541

Meter and Poetry 543

Mid-Level Vision 545

Mind-Body Problem 546

Minimalism 548

Minimum Description Length 550

Mobile Robots 551

Modal Logic 554

Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits 555

Modularity and Language 557

Modularity of Mind 558

Moral Psychology 561

Morphology 562

Motion, Perception of 564

Motivation 566

Motivation and Culture 568

Motor Control 570

Motor Learning 571

Multiagent Systems 573

Multisensory Integration 574

Naive Mathematics 575

Naive Physics 577

Naive Sociology 579

Narrow Content 581

Nativism 583

Nativism, History of 586

Natural Kinds 588

Natural Language Generation 589

Natural Language Processing 592

Neural Development 594

Neural Networks 597

Neural Plasticity 598

Neuroendocrinology 601

Neuron 603

Neurotransmitters 605

Newell, Allen 607

Nonmonotonic Logics 608

Numeracy and Culture 611

Object Recognition, Animal Studies 613

Object Recognition, Human Neuropsychology 615

Oculomotor Control 618

Optimality Theory 620

Pain 622

Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition, Creolization, and Diachrony 624

Parsimony and Simplicity 627

Pattern Recognition and Feed-Forward Networks 629

Penfield, Wilder 631

Perceptual Development 632

Phantom Limb 635

Phonetics 636

Phonological Rules and Processes 637

Phonology 639

Phonology, Acquisition of 641

Phonology, Neural Basis of 643

Physicalism 645

Piaget, Jean 647

Pictorial Art and Vision 648

Pitts, Walter 651

Planning 652

Polysynthetic Languages 654

Positron Emission Tomography 656

Possible Worlds Semantics 659

Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments 660

Pragmatics 661

Presupposition 664

Primate Cognition 666

Primate Language 669

Probabilistic Reasoning 671

Probability, Foundations of 673

Problem Solving 674

Production Systems 676

Propositional Attitudes 678

Prosody and Intonation 679

Prosody and Intonation, Processing Issues 682

Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Views 683

Psychoanalysis, History of 685

Psycholinguistics 688

Psychological Laws 690

Psychophysics 691

Qualia 693

Quantifiers 694

Radical Interpretation 696

Rational Agency 698

Rational Choice Theory 699

Rational Decision Making 701

Rationalism vs. Empiricism 703

Reading 705

Realism and Anti-Realism 707

Recurrent Networks 709

Reductionism 712

Reference, Theories of 714

Reinforcement Learning 715

Relational Grammar 717

Relevance and Relevance Theory 719

Religious Ideas and Practices 720

Retina 722

Robotics and Learning 723

Rules and Representations 724

Sapir, Edward 726

Saussure, Ferdinand de 728

Schemata 729

Scientific Thinking and Its Development 730

Self 733

Self-Knowledge 735

Self-Organizing Systems 737

Semantics 739

Semantics, Acquisition of 742

Semiotics and Cognition 744

Sensations 745

Sense and Reference 746

Sentence Processing 748

Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary Psychology of 751

Shape Perception 753

Sign Language and the Brain 756

Sing Languages 758

Signal Detection Theory 760

Similarity 763

Simulation vs. Theory-Theory 765

Single-Neuron Recording 766

Situated Cognition and Learning 767

Situatedness/Embeddedness 769

Sleep 772

Smell 775

Social Cognition 777

Situation Calculus 777

Social Cognition in Animals 778

Social Play Behavior 780

Sociobiology 783

Spatial Perception 784

Speech Perception 787

Speech Recognition in Machines 790

Speech Synthesis 792

Sperry, Roger Wolcott 794

Spoken Word Recognition 796

Statistical Learning Theory 798

Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing 801

Stereo and Motion Perception 802

Stereotyping 804

Stress 806

Stress, Linguistic 808

Structure form Visual Information Sources 810

Supervenience 812

Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks 814

Surface Perception 816

Syntax 818

Syntax, Acquisition of 820

Syntax-Semantics Interface 824

Taste 826

Technology and Human Evolution 828

Temporal Reasoning 829

Tense and Aspect 831

Teuber, Hans-Lukas 832

Texture 833

Thalamus 835

Thematic Roles 837

Theory of Mind 838

Time in the Mind 841

Tone 843

Top-Down Processing in Vision 844

Transparency 845

Turing, Alan Mathison 847

Tversky, Amos 849

Twin Earth 850

Typology 852

Uncertainty 853

Unsupervised Learning 857

Utility Theory 859

Vagueness 861

Vision and Learning 863

Visual Anatomy and Physiology 864

Visual Cortex, Cell Types and Connections in 867

Visual Neglect 869

Visual Object Recognition, AI 871

Visual Processing Streams 873

Visual Word Recognition 875

Von Neumann, John 876

Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich 878

Walking and Running Machines 879

Wh-Movement 882

What-It s-Like 883

Wiener, Norbert 884

Word Meaning, Acquisition of 886

Working Memory 888

Working Memory, Neural Basis of 890

Writing Systems 894

Wundt, Wilhelm 896

X-Bar Theory 898

List of Contributors 901

Name Index 913

Subject Index 945