1．Fundamentals of Energy—Science and Technology 1
1.1 Energy Consumption and Standard of Living 1
1.2 Oil Crisis of 1973 2
1.3 Clasification of Energy Resources 2
1.4 Consumption Trend of Primary Energy Resources 4
1.5 Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 5
1.6 Energy Chain 5
1.7 Comon Forms of Energy 6
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Energy Sources 7
1.9 Salient Features of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 8
1.10 Environmental Aspects of Energy 8
1.11 Environment-Economy-Energy and Sustainable Development 13
1.12 Energy Densities(Heating values)of Various Fuels 14
1.13 World Energy Status 15
1.14 Energy Scenario in India 19
1.15 Applied Thermodynamics—a Review 27
Review Questions 43
Problem 44
Objective-type Questions 44
2．Energy Conservation 47
2.1 Salient Features of"Energy Conservation Act,2001" 49
2.2 Various Aspects of Energy Conservation 50
2.3 Principles of Energy Conservation 51
2.4 General Electrical ECO's(Energy Conservation Opportunities) 53
2.5 Cogeneration 54
2.6 Combined Cycle(Binary Cycle)Plants 57
Review Questions 60
Problem 60
Objective-type Questions 60
3．Energy Storage 62
3.1 Necesity of Energy Storage 62
3.2 Energy Storage Methods 63
Review Questions 79
Objective-type Questions 79
4．Solar Energy—Basics 82
4.1 The Sun as a Source of Energy 83
4.2 The Earth 83
4.3 Sun,Earth Radiation Spectrums 84
4.4 Extraterrestrial and Terrestrial Radiations 85
4.5 Spectral Energy Distribution of Solar Radiation 86
4.6 Depletion of Solar Radiation 86
4.7 Measurements of Solar Radiation 89
4.8 Solar Radiation Data 91
4.9 Solar Time(Local Apparent Time) 93
4.10 Solar Radiation Geometry 93
4.11 Solar Day Length 97
4.12 Empirical Equations for Estimating Solar Radiation Availability on Horizontal Surface for Cloudy Skies: 99
4.13 Hourly Global,Diffuse and Beam Radiations on Horizontal Surface Under Cloudless Skies 107
4.14 Solar Radiation on Inclined Plane Surface 109
Review Questions 112
Problems 113
Objective-type Questions 114
5．Solar Thermal Systems 116
5.1 Solar Collectors 116
5.2 Solar Water Heater 130
5.3 Solar Pasive Space-Heating and Cooling Systems 130
5.4 Solarind Ustrial Heating Systems 133
5.5 Solar Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems 134
5.6 Solar Cookers 137
5.7 Solar Furnaces 140
5.8 Solar Green House 141
5.9 Solar Dryer 145
5.10 Solar Distilation(or Desalination of Water) 146
5.11 Solar Thermo-Mechanical Systems 148
Review Questions 154
Objective-type Questions 155
6．Solar Photovoltaic Systems 158
6.1 Solar Cell Fundamentals 159
6.2 Solar Cell Characteristics 166
6.3 Solar Cell Classification 172
6.4 Solar Cell,Module,Panel and Array Construction 177
6.5 Maximizing the Solar PV Output and Load Matching 182
6.6 Maximum Power Point Tracker(MPPT) 182
6.7 Balance of System Components 185
6.8 Solar PV Systems 186
6.9 Solar PV Aplications 188
Review Questions 192
Problem 193
Objective-type Questions 193
7．Wind Energy 196
7.1 Origin of Winds 198
7.2 Nature of Winds 200
7.3 Wind Turbine Siting 204
7.4 Major Aplications of Wind Power 204
7.5 Basics of Fluid Mechanics 205
7.6 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics 208
7.7 Wind Turbine Types and Their Construction 218
7.8 Wind Energy Conversion Systems(WECS) 229
7.9 Wind-Diesel Hybrid System 232
7.10 Effects of Wind Speed and Grid Condition(System Integration) 233
7.11 Wind-Energy Storage 234
7.12 Environmental Aspects 234
7.13 Wind-Energy Programme in India 236
Review Questions 238
Problem 239
Objective-type Questions 240
8．Biomass Energy 242
8.1 Photosynthesis Process 243
8.2 Usable Forms of Biomass,their Composition and Fuel Properties 244
8.3 Biomass Resources 247
8.4 Biomass Conversion Technologies 249
8.5 Urban Waste to Energy Conversion 253
8.6 Biomass Gasification 255
8.7 Biomass Liquefaction 259
8.8 Biomass to Ethanol Production 259
8.9 Biogas Production from Waste Biomass 263
8.10 Energy Farming 277
8.11 Biomass Energy Programme in India(as on December 2007) 280
Review Questions 284
Problem 284
Objective-type Questions 285
9．Geothermal Energy 287
9.1 Applications 288
9.2 Origin and Distribution of Geothermal Energy 290
9.3 Types of Geothermal Resources 292
9.4 Analysis of Geothermal Resources 299
9.5 Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources 305
9.6 Environmental Consideration 306
9.7 Geothermal Energy in India 307
Review Questions 308
Problem 309
Objective-type Questions 309
10．Ocean Energy 311
10.1 Tidal Energy 311
10.2 Wave Energy 321
10.3 Ocean Thermal Energy 331
Review Questions 336
Problem 336
Objective-type Questions 336
11．Small Hydro Resources 339
11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Small Hydro Schemes 340
11.2 Layout of a Micro-Hydro Scheme 341
11.3 Water Turbines 344
11.4 Turbine Clasification,Characteristics and Selection 350
11.5 Generators 352
11.6 Present Status 357
Review Questions 357
Problem 358
Objective-type Questions 358
12．Emerging Technologies 360
12.1 Fuel Cell 360
12.2 Hydrogen Energy 379
Review Questions 389
Problem 390
Objective-type Questions 390
13．Miscellaneous Non-conventional Technologies 392
13.1 Magneto Hydrodynamic(MHD)Power Conversion 392
13.2 Thermoelectric Power Conversion 400
13.3 Thermionic Power Conversion 404
Review Questions 407
Problem 408
Objective-type Questions 408
14．Financial and Economic Evaluation 410
14.1 Basic Terms and Definitions 410
14.2 Calculations for the Case of Single Payment(or Receipt) 413
14.3 Calculations for Uniform Series of Payments(or Receipt) 415
14.4 Calculations for Uniform Gradient Series of Payments(or Receipt) 419
14.5 Calculations for Geometric Gradient Series of Payments(or Receipt) 421
14.6 Effect of Inflation on Cash Flows 423
14.7 Comparative Economic Evaluation of Alternatives 424
14.8 Effect of Depreciation and Tax on Cash Flows 433
Review Questions 436
Problem 436
Objective-type Questions 439
Appendix A 441
Appendix B 443
Appendix C 444
Appendix D 446
Appendix E 448
Appendix F 450
Index 451