Part I Principles 3
1 Introduction 3
2 The Analysis of a Text 11
Reading the text 11
The intention of the text 12
The intention of the translator 12
Text styles 13
The readership 13
Stylistic scales 14
Attitued 15
Setting 15
Connotations and denotations 16
The quality of the writing 16
The last reading 17
Conclusion 17
3 The process of Translation 19
Introduction 19
The relation of translatihg to translation theory 19
The approach 20
The textual level 22
The referential level 23
The cohesive level 23
The level of naturalness 24
Combining the four levels 29
The unit of translating 30
The translation of texts 32
The translation of proper names 35
Revision 36
Conclusion 37
4 Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types 39
The expressive function 39
The informative function 40
The vocative function 41
The aesthetic function 42
The phatic function 43
The metalingual function 43
Introduction 45
The methods 45
5 Translation Methods 45
Comments on the methods 47
Equivalent effect 48
Methods and text-categories 50
Translating 51
Other methods 52
6 The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis 54
Introduction 54
Coherence 55
Titles 56
Dialogue cohesion 57
Punctuation 58
Sound-effects 58
Referential synonyms 59
Cohesion 59
Other connectives 60
Functional sentence perspective 60
Enumerators 60
Contrasts 63
The lower units of translation 65
Conclusion 66
7 Literal Translation 68
Introduction 68
Varieties of close translation 69
The translation of poetry 70
Faithful and false friends 72
Elegant variations 73
Words in their context 73
Back-translation of text（BTT） 74
Accepted translation 74
Constraints on literal translation 75
Natural translation 75
Re-creative translation 76
Literary translation 77
The sub-text 77
The notion of the no-equivalent word 78
The role of context 80
8 The Other Translation procedures 81
Transference 81
Cultural equivalent 82
Naturalisation 82
Functional equivalent 83
Descriptive equivalent 83
Synonymy 84
Through-translatioin 84
Shifts or transpositions 85
Modulation 88
Recognised translation 89
Reduction and expansion 90
Other procedures 90
Paraphrase 90
Componential analysis 90
Compensation 90
Translation label 90
Couplets 91
Notes, additions,glosses 91
9 Translation and Culture 94
Definitions 95
Cultural categories 96
General considerations 97
Ecology 97
Material culture 97
Social culture 98
Social organisation-political and administrative 99
Gestures and habits 102
Summary of procedures 103
10 The Translation of Metaphors 104
Definitions 106
Translating metaphors 106
Types of metaphor 106
11 The Use of Componenlial Analysis in Translation 114
Introduction 114
Lexical words 117
Cultural words 119
Synonyms 120
Sets and series 121
Conceptual terms 121
Neologisms 122
Conclusion 123
Words as myths 123
12 The Application of Case Grammar to Translation 125
Introduction 125
The translation of missing verbs,i,e,verbal force 126
The translation of case-gaps 129
Various types of case-partner 132
Contrast and choice in translation 134
Some related issues 135
Case partners of adjectives and nouns 136
A remark on Tesnière 138
Conclusion 138
13 The Translation of Neologisms 140
Introduction 140
Old words with new senses 141
New coinages 142
Derived words 143
Abbreviations 145
Collocations 145
Eponyms 146
Phrasal words 147
Transferred words 147
Acronyms 148
Pseudo-neologisms 148
The creation of neologisms 149
A frame of reference of the translation of neologisms 150
Technical style 151
Introduction 151
14 Technical Translation 151
Terms 152
Varieties of technical style 152
Technical and descriptive terms 153
Beginning technical translation 154
Translation method 155
The title 156
Going through the text 158
Conclusion 160
Appendix: sample test 161
15 The Translation of Serious Literature and Authoritative Statements 162
Introduction 162
Poetry 162
The short story/novel 170
Drama 172
Conclusion 173
16 Reference Books and their Uses; Tracing the Unfindable Word 174
Introduction 174
Resources 175
Unfindable words 176
17 Translation Criticism 184
Introduction 184
Plan of criticism 186
Text analysis 186
The translator s purpose 186
Comparing the translation with the original 187
The evaluation of the translation 188
The translation s future 189
Marking a translation 189
Quality in translation 192
18 Shorter Items 193
Words and context 193
The translation of dialect 194
You and the Computer 195
Function and description 198
The translation of eponyms and acronyms 198
Familiar alternative terms 201
When and how to improve a text 204
Collocations 212
The translation of proper mames 214
The translation of puns 217
The translation of weights, measures, quantities and currencies 217
Ambiguity 218
19 Revision Hints for Exams and Deadlines 221
20 By Way of a Conclusion 225
Part ⅡMethods 229
Introductory note 229
Text 1 Power needs clear eyes ,The Economist 231
Text 2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy ,British Medical fournal 234
Text 3 Brideshead Revisited（Waugh） 238
Text 4 Une certaine idée de la France （De Gaulle） 242
Text 5 Le Parti Socialiste （Source unknown） 245
Text 6 A la Recherche du Temps Perdu（Prouse） 248
Text 7 Présentation d un cas de toxoplasmose ,Bordeaux Médical 250
Text 8 Dialysebehandlung bei akutem Nierenversagen ,Deulsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 254
Text 9 Alexander von Humboldt（Hein） 259
Text 10 L Adoration（Borel） 264
Text 11 Die Blasse Anna（B?ll） 267
Text 12 La Société Francaise （Dupeux） 272
Text 13 Zum Whole aller ,SCALA 277
Glossary 282
Abbreviations 286
Medical terminology 288
Bibliography 289
Name index 291
Subject index 292