1 Teaching and testing 1
2 Testing as problem solving:an overview of the book 6
3 Kinds of test and testing 9
4 Validity 22
5 Reliability 29
6 Achieving beneficial backwash 44
7 Stages of test construction 48
8 Test techniques and testing overall ability 59
9 Testing writing 75
10 Testing oral ability 101
11 Testing reading 116
12 Testing listening 134
13 Testing grammar and vocabulary 141
14 Test administration 152
Appendix 1 Statistical analysis of test results 155
Appendix 2 165
Bibliography 166
Index 170