1 Introduction 1
2 Equivalence at word level 10
2.1 The word in different languages 10
2.2 Lexical meaning 12
2.3 The problem of non-equivalence 17
Exercises 43
Suggestions for further reading 44
Notes 44
3 Equivalence above word level 46
3.1 Collocation 47
3.2 Idioms and fixed expressions 63
Exercises 78
Suggestions for further reading 80
Notes 81
4 Grammatical equivalence 82
4.1 Grammatical vs lexical categories 83
4.2 The diversity of grammatical categories across languages 85
4.3 A brief note on word order 110
4.4 Introducing text 111
Exercises 114
Suggestions for further reading 116
Notes 117
5 Textual equivalence:thematic and information structures 119
5.1 A general overview based on the Hallidayan approach to information flow 121
5.2 The Prague School position on information flow:functional sentence perspective 160
Exercises 172
Suggestions for further reading 175
Notes 176
6 Textual equivalence:cohesion 180
6.1 Reference 181
6.2 Substitution and ellipsis 186
6.3 Conjunction 190
6.4 Lexical cohesion 202
Exercises 212
Suggestions for further reading 215
Notes 215
7 Pragmatic equivalence 217
7.1 Coherence 218
7.2 Coherence and processes of interpretation:implicature 222
7.3 Coherence,implicature,and translation strategies 228
Exercises 254
Suggestions for further reading 258
Notes 259
1:A Brief History of Time(Spanish,Greek) 261
Appendices 261
2:Morgan Matroc(German) 264
3:China's Panda Reserves(Chinese) 266
4:The Patrick Collection(Japanese) 269
5:A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan(Japanese) 272
6:Palace and Politics in Prewar Japan(Japanese) 274
7:The Fix(Japanese) 277
8:Euralex conference circular(Russian) 279
9:Brintons-press release(Arabic) 282
Glossary 284
References 288
Author index 297
Language index 299
Subject index 301
文库索引 305