Section A-ClassificationA1 The Protozoa 1
A2 Phylum Porifera 6
CONTENTSAbbreviations 7
Preface 8
A3 Phylum Mesozoa 9
A4 Phylun Cnidaria(=Coelenterata) 10
A5 Phylum Platyhelminthes 14
A6 Phylum Nemertina(=Nemertea or Rhynchocoela) 18
A7 Phylum Nematoda 21
A8 Phylum Annelida 25
A9 Phylum Mollusca 30
A10 Phylum Onychophora 36
A11 Phylum Arthropoda 37
A12 Phylum Echinodermata 47
A13 Phylum Hemichordata 53
A14 Phylum Chordata 57
Section B-Animal structure,development and relationshipsB1 Body plans and body cavities 73
B2 Symmetry in animals 77
B3 Skeletons 78
B4 Protostomes and deuterostomes 81
B5 Relationships between phyla 83
B6 Neoteny and pedogenesis 85
B7 Evolutionary origins of the Chordata 86
Section C-Comparative animal physiologyC1 Homeostasis 89
RespirationC2 Respiration 93
C3 Human external respiration(ventilation orbreathing) 98
C4 Gas transport in the blood 101
C5 Diving physiology 106
C6 High altitude respiration 109
Blood and circulationC7 Blood and circulation 111
C8 Mammalian circulatory system 113
C9 Mammalian blood 117
C10 The mammalian heart 122
C11 Vertebrate hearts and arterial systems and theirevolution 126
Immune systemC12 The immune system 127
C13 Immune responses 131
C14 Hypersensitivity,autoimmunity and immunization 135
C15 Lymphatic system and lymph 138
Internal environmentC16 Osmoregulation 140
C17 Nitrogenous excretion 146
C18 The gut and digestion 154
C19 Human blood glucose control 161
C20 Temperature relationships 164
C21 Thermoregulation 167
Integration and controlC22 Hormones 175
C23 Integration and control:nerves 181
C24 Integration and control:brain 190
C25 Sense organs 193
C26 Bone and connective tissue in the vertebrate skeleton 204
C27 Muscles 210
C28 Nonmuscular movement 219
C29 Integument and skin 222
C30 Locomotion:swimming 224
C31 Locomotion:terrestrial locomotion 227
C32 Locomotion:flight 231
C33 Buoyancy 236
SectionD-ReproductionanddevelopmentD1Reproduction,gametogenesisandfertilization 241
D2 Development and birth 250
D3 Lactation 261
D4 Metamorphosis 264
D5 Puberty in humans 267
D6 The menstrual cycle in women 270
D7 Mid-life and menopause in humans 272
D8 Aging 274
D9 Theories of aging 278
Further reading 283
Index 285