Topic 01 Cell biology 1
1.1 Introduction to cells 1
1.2 Ultrastructure of cells 4
1.3 Membrane structure 8
1.4 Membrane transport 11
1.5 The origin to cells 13
1.6 Cell division 15
Exercises 18
Topic 02 Molecular biology 20
2.1 Molecules to metabolism 20
2.2 Water 22
2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids 23
2.4 Proteins 27
2.5 Enzymes 29
2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA 31
2.7 DNA replication,transcription and translation 31
2.8 Cell respiration 34
2.9 Photosynthesis 35
Exercises 37
Topic 03 Genetics 40
3.1 Genes 40
3.2 Chromosomes 41
3.3 Meiosis 44
3.4 Inheritance 47
3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology 51
Exercises 54
Topic 04 Ecology 56
4.1 Species,communities and ecosystems 56
4.2 Energy flow 59
4.3 Carbon cycling 60
4.4 Climate change 63
Exercises 65
Topic 05 Evolution and biodiversity 66
5.1 Evidence for evolution 66
5.2 Natural selection 68
5.3 Classification of biodiversity 69
5.4 Cladistics 72
Exercises 75
Topic 06 Human physiology 77
6.1 Digestion and absorption 77
6.2 The blood system 79
6.3 Defence against infectious disease 82
6.4 Gas exchange 84
6.5 Neurons and synapses 86
6.6 Hormones,homeostasis and reproduction 88
Exercises 93
Topic 07 Nucleic acids 94
7.1 DNA structure and replication 94
7.2 Transcription and gene expression 96
7.3 Translation 99
Exercises 102
Topic 08 Metabolism,cell respi ration ＆ photosynthesis 103
8.1 Metabolism 103
8.2 Cell respiration 104
8.3 Photosynthesis 107
Exercises 109
Topic 09 Plant biology 110
9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants 110
9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants 111
9.3 Growth in plants 114
9.4 Reproduction in plants 115
Exercises 117
Topic 10 Genetics and evolution 118
10.1 Meiosis 118
10.2 Inheritance 119
10.3 Gene pools and speciation 121
Exercises 124
Topic 11 Animal physiology 125
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination 125
11.2 Movement 128
11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation 130
11.4 Sexual reproduction 133
Exercises 137
Option D Human physiology 138
D.1 Human nutrition 138
D.2 Digestion 140
D.3 Functions of the liver 143
D.4 The heart 145
D.5 Hormones and metabolism 149
D.6 Transport of respiratory gases 151
Exercises 154
Answers to Exercises 156