An Introduction to the Book 1
Chapter 1 Perceiving Translation 1
1.1 Essence＆Natures of Translation 1
1.2 Translation as Equivalence 2
1.3 Translation as a Process 4
1.4 Translation as Cultural Activity 5
1.5 Translation as Discipline 6
Chapter 2 Translation in History 10
2.1 An Old Trade 10
2.2 Choice of Texts＆Dissemination of Astronomy 11
2.3 Knowledge Import in Europe 12
2.4 The Case of East Asia 13
2.5 Translation in the West 15
2.6 Translation in China 17
Chapter 3 Subjectivity in Translation 21
3.1 Subject＆Subjectivity 21
3.2 Translator's Identity 22
3.3 Ideology＆Rewriting 25
3.4 Receptor＆Producer as Subject 28
Chapter 4 Translation＆Politics 33
4.1 Translation＆Power 33
4.2 Translation＆Violence 34
4.3 Domestication＆Foreignization 36
4.4 Translator's Role in Politics 38
4.5 Political Functions of Translation 41
Chapter 5 Translation in Cultural Studies 44
5.1 Cultural Studies 44
5.2 Cultural Studies＆Translation 46
5.3 The Post-colonial Translation 48
5.4 The Descriptive Studies of Translation 50
Chapter 6 Translation in Globalization 54
6.1 Diversity＆Identity 54
6.2 The West＆the Rest 55
6.3 Translation or Transculturation 56
6.4 Universalism or Hegemonism 57
6.5 Cross-border Translation 58
6.6 The Dream of Global Translation 65
Chapter 7 Translation in Society 67
7.1 The Norms Theory 67
7.2 Classification of Norms 69
7.3 Pierre Bourdieu's Field Theory 71
7.4 Capital，Illusio＆Habitus 73
7.5 Interaction of Society with Translation 76
Chapter 8 Translation in Virtual Communities 80
8.1 Virtuality＆Actuality 80
8.2 The Notion of Community 81
8.3 Core Elements of Virtual Communities 84
8.4 Virtual Translation Communities 88
8.5 Benefits and Drawbacks 89
8.6 Towards a Community of Sharing 89
Chapter 9 Translation in Environments 92
9.1 Adaptation Theory 92
9.2 Variability，Negotiability＆Adaptability 92
9.3 The Four Investigations 94
9.4 Utterer，Interpreter＆Pragmatics 96
9.5 Translation as Adaptation＆Selection 99
9.6 Relevance Theory 101
9.7 Ostensive-Inferential Model 103
9.8 Context，Adaptation＆Translation 104
Chapter 10 Translation in Biology 106
10.1 A Definition of the Memes 106
10.2 Popperian Worlds＆the Memes 108
10.3 Translation＆Memes 110
10.4 Translation Memes in China 114
Chapter 11 Translator Ethics 117
11.1 Ethics Theory 117
11.2 Traduttore，Traditore 118
11.3 Ethics as a Professional Concern 120
11.4 Translators＆Suspicion 121
11.5 Translation Rules as Ethical Decisions 123
11.6 Reflections on Ethical Problems 125
Chapter 12 Equivalence in Translation 126
12.1 Language＆Translation 126
12.2 Translation＆Meaning：Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 128
12.3 Equivalence in Controversy 131
12.4 Equivalent Translating Strategies 133
Chapter 13 Strategies of Prose＆Poetry Translation 136
13.1 Indeterminacy in Translation 136
13.2 Solutions of Prose Translation 138
13.3 Solutions of Poetry Translation 143
13.4 Analysis and Strategies of Fiction Translation 146
13.5 Classical Prose＆Poems Translated into English 147
Chapter 14 Textual Analysis of Translation 152
14.1 Text in Translation 152
14.2 Text Types 153
14.3 Textual Analysis 156
14.4 Semantic，Syntactic＆Pragmatic Analysis 157
14.5 Cohesion＆Coherence Analysis 160
Chapter 15 Quality Control in Translation 164
15.1 The Making of a Translator 164
15.2 Translation Styles with Human Force 165
15.3 Translation Styles Based on Techniques 167
15.4 Translation with Machines 172
Reference 174
Appendix 1 Transplantation，Transformation＆Transmutation：Translation of Concepts in Heterogeneous Cultural Communications 190
Appendix 2 American Translator Association Code of Ethic and Professional Practice 204
Appendix 3 Samples of Translation Contracts 210