Part One Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication 1
Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication 1
Part One 1
Preface 1
1 Overview to Intercultural Communication 2
Objectives 2
Chapter 1 Overview to Intercultural Communication 2
Defining Intercultural Communication 3
Chapter 5
Presuppositions and Theory: The Genesis of Intercultural Encounters 5
A Model of Intercultural Communication 6
The Causes of Perceived Difference 8
Perceived Cultural Differences and the Drive for Certainty 9
Forming an Adaptive Third Culture C 9
Moving Toward Intercultural Effectiveness 11
Contexts for Intercultural Communication 12
Developing Skills in Preparing for Intercultural Communication 15
Organization of the Text 15
This Chapter in Perspective 16
Endnotes 16
Exercises 16
Chapter 2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication 19
Objectives 19
2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication 19
Axioms Associated with Intercultural Communication 20
Intercultural Communication Assumes Perceived Cultural Difference 20
Intercultural Communication Relates to Content and Relationship 21
Communication Style Affects First Impressions 22
Intercultural Communication Involves Uncertainty Reduction 23
Culture and Communication Are Inseparable 25
The Origins of Contemporary Intercultural Communication 26
Interaction with International Diversity 26
Intercultural Effectiveness Is the Goal of Intercultural Communication 26
Interaction with Multicultural Diversity 27
Increasing an Academic Culture of Intercultural Communication 28
Developing Skills in Understanding Intercultural Communication Axioms 29
This Chapter in Perspective 30
Endnotes 30
Exercises 30
Part Two 33
Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity 33
Part Two Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity 33
Chapter 3 Elements of Cultural Systems 34
Objectives 34
3 Elements of Cultural Systems 34
Defining Culture and Its Influence on Communication 36
Elements of Culture 37
The Inner Core of Culture 38
Cultural Activities 41
Communication Patterns 45
Cultural Rules and Customs 48
Institutions Within Cultures 49
Economic Institutions 49
Family as Institution 50
Political Institutions 51
Health Institutions 51
Educational Institutions 52
Religious Institutions 53
Theories of Cultural Development and Change 53
Cultural Borrowing and Innovation Acceptance 53
Cultural Crisis 54
Ecological Change 54
Functionalism 56
Developing Intercultural Skills in Knowledge of Culture's Workings 56
Dominant Theme Analysis 56
This Chapter in Perspective 58
Exercises 58
Endnotes 58
Chapter 4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communlcation 60
Objectives 60
4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communication 60
Understanding Social Perception and Its Influence on Intercultural Communication 62
Explaining Social Perception Through Social Categorization and the In-group/Out-group Model 62
Explaining the Consequences of Social Perception with the Social Response Model 63
Explaining Social Perception with the Social Attitudes Model 66
Discovering Microcultures and Cultural Diversity that Influence Communication 69
Ethnic and Racial Cultures 69
Intercultural Marriage as Microculture 70
Microcultures of Chosen Identity and Group Membership 72
Regional and Residential Microcultures 73
Social Class Cultures 76
Poverty Culture 77
Countercultural Microcultures 79
Organizational Cultures as Microcultures 79
Developing Intercultural Skills in Interacting with Microcultures 81
This Chapter in Perspective 82
Exercises 82
Endnotes 83
Underlying Dimensions of Culture 86
Objectives 86
5 Underlying Dimensions of Culture 86
Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures 87
Monochronic Culture 87
Polychronic Culture 88
High- and Low-Context Cultures 89
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions 92
Individualism-Collectivism 92
Masculine-Feminine Cultures 93
Power-Distance 94
Uncertainty Avoidance 94
World View and Intercultural Communication 95
Elements of Cultural World View 95
Personal World View Influencing Communication 101
Values and Intercultural Communication 102
Values Associated with Family 105
Values and Interpersonal Relationships 106
Values Associated with Society 108
Values Concerning Land and Animals 110
This Chapter in Perspective 113
Developing Skills in Encountering Underlying Dimensions of Culture 113
Exercises 114
Endnotes 114
Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication 117
Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication 117
Chapter 6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication 118
Objectives 118
6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication 118
Differences Experienced Because of Language 119
Language and Its Influence on Perception 119
The Code Switching of Language Based on Differences in In-group or Out-group Cultures 121
Language and Meaning 123
How the Sound of Linguistic Differences Affects Relationship Attitudes and Actions 124
How Language Represents More than Sound, Syntax,and Semantics 126
Relating to Language Differences 127
Developing Skills with Linguistic Diversity 128
Verbal Style and the Culture of Language 128
This Chapter in Perspective 129
Exercises 130
Endnotes 131
Objectives 133
Chapter 7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages 133
7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages 133
Significance of Nonverbal Communication 134
Overview to Nonverbal Intercultural Communication 134
Definition and Functioning of Nonverbal Communication 135
Kinesics: Body Language 135
Gestures 137
Posture 138
Kinesics Regulating Conversation 139
Oculesics 139
Greetings 140
Facial Expressions 140
Proxemics: The Use of Space 142
Fixed Features of Space 142
Semifixed Features of Space 143
Personal Space 144
Chronemics: Our Use of Time 146
Sensorics 147
Haptics: Touching Behavior 148
Paralanguage 148
The Meaning of Nonverbal Communication in Culture 150
Developing Intercultural Skills for Nonverbal Communication 150
This Chapter in Perspective 151
Exercises 152
Endnotes 152
Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness:Applying Intercultural Competencies 155
Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness: Applying Intercultural Competencies 155
Chapter 8 Adapting to Culture 156
Objectives 156
8 Adapting to Culture 156
The Early Adaptation Experience: Culture Shock 157
Predeparture Stage 159
Stage One: Everything Is Beautiful 159
Stage Two: Everything Is Awful 160
Stage Three: Everything Is OK 161
Long-Term Cultural Adaptation 162
Growth and Adaptation 162
Factors Contributing to Long-Term Adaptation 163
Adaptation and Reentry 167
Developing Skills in Intercultural Communication and Adaptation to a New Culture 168
This Chapter in Perspective 169
Exercises 170
Endnotes 170
9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 172
Chapter 9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 172
Objectives 172
What Is Intercultural Effectiveness? 173
Intercultural Competency Factors Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 174
Cognitive Style Variables 174
Communication Behaviors 178
Situational and Systems Factors Related to Competency 179
Selection for Intercultural Effectiveness 180
Developing Skills in Intercultural Effectiveness 183
This Chapter in Perspective 183
Exercises 184
Endnotes 184
Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict 187
Objectives 187
10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict 187
Missed Interpersonal Expectations as Source of Intercultural Communication Conflict 188
Self-disclosure and Openness in Communication 189
Hierarchical Communication 190
Formality in Relationships and Communication 191
Communication in the Workplace 192
Acceptance and Empathetic Communication 193
Communication Avoidance 193
Using Communication to Manage Intercultural Conflict 194
Using Communication to Reduce Disagreement in Conflict 194
Using Leadership Style and Communication to Manage Conflict 195
Applying Metaphors to Prevent Intercultural Conflict 198
Applying Systems to Proactively Preventing Conflict 198
Interfacing with Cultural Values: The Workplace as a Case Extension of Cultural Values 199
Practicing Relational Empathy 202
Developing Skills in Reducing Conflict 204
This Chapter in Perspective 205
Exercises 205
Endnotes 205
Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication 207
Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication 207
Chapter 11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow 208
Objectives 208
11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow 208
Dimensions of Homophily 209
The Homophily Principle: The Influence of Communicator Similarity in Network Cultures 209
The Homophily Principle and Intercultural Communication 211
Measuring Homophily 215
Intercultural Credibility and Network Cultures 215
Intercultural Competence 215
Intercultural Trust 218
Intercultural Similarity 218
Intercultural Charisma 219
Intercultural Dynamism 221
The Effects of Intercultural Credibility 221
Opinion Leadership and Network Cultures 222
Opinion Leaders as Information Roles in Network Cultures 222
Communication Characteristics of Opinion Leaders 224
Measuring Opinion Leadership 227
Interpersonal Relationships and Information Roles as Sources in Network Cultures 228
Developing Intercultural Skills Concerning Network Cultures 230
This Chapter in Perspective 232
Exercises 233
Endnotes 234
Chapter 12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication 236
Objectives 236
12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication 236
Media and Persuasion 237
Media as a Shaper of Cultural Thought Processes 240
Media and Cultural Learning 242
Media as the Creator of Consumer and Entertainment Needs 243
Media and Ethnic Identification 243
Developing Skills in Understanding Media and Culture 244
Media and International Communication 244
This Chapter in Perspective 245
Exercises 245
Endnotes 246
13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change 248
Objectives 248
Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change 248
How Diffusion and Innovation Studies Emerged 249
Components of Diffusion and Innovation Processes 249
Decision Making and Choice About Innovations 251
Communication Characteristics of Innovative and Less Innovative People 252
Factors Associated with Individual Innovativeness and Change in a Culture 253
Innovativeness Within Groups and Cultures Leading to Change 255
Discovering the Need for Change 256
Factors Associated with Organizational Innovativeness 256
Strategies for Group Innovation and Change 257
Developing Skills in Planning for Innovation and Cultural Change 259
This Chapter in Perspective 261
Exercises 261
Endnotes 262
Appendix Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication 264
Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication 264
Appendix 264
Glossary 273
Glossary 273
Name Index 283
Index 283
Subject Index 286