Unit 1 The WTO in Brief 1
PART A 1
1.1 What is WTO? 1
Exercises 1 2
1.2 GATT:"Provisional"for Almost Half a Century 5
Exercises 2 6
1.3 The Multilateral Trading System 10
Exercises 3 11
1.4 The Structure and the Secretariat of WTO 13
Exercises 4 14
PART B 17
Translation of WTO Documents 17
Language Features of This Unit 20
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 22
Unit 2 Decision Making 23
PART A 23
2.1 Whose WTO is it anyway? 23
Exercises 1 24
2.2 Levels of Authority 26
Exercises 2 27
2.3 Settling Disputes 30
2.3.1 Dispute-Settling Principles 30
2.3.2 How are disputes settled? 31
Exercises 3 32
2.3.3 Appeals 34
2.3.4 Penalty 34
2.3.5 Same People,Different Hats? 35
Exercises 4 35
PART B 39
Translation of WTO Documents 39
Language Features of This Unit 43
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 45
Unit 3 Goods Trade(Ⅰ) 47
PART A 47
3.1 Agriculture 47
Exercises 1 48
3.2 Anti-Dumping 51
Exercises 2 53
3.3 Balance of Payments 56
3.4 Customs Valuation 57
Exercises 3 58
3.5 GATT and the Goods Council 60
3.6 Import Licensing 60
3.7 Information Technology Products 60
3.7.1 Basic Principles of the ITA 61
3.7.2 Normal Implementation Period 61
3.7.3 Extended Staging/Developing Countries 61
3.7.4 The ITA Today 62
3.8 Market Access for Goods 62
3.8.1 Tariff Cuts 62
3.8.2 More Bindings 63
Exercises 4 63
PART B 65
Translation of WTO Documents 65
Language Features of This Unit 67
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 67
Unit 4 Goods Trade(Ⅱ) 70
PART A 70
4.1 Rules of Origin 70
4.1.1 A General Introduction 70
4.1.2 An Excerpt from the Agreement on Rules of Origin 71
4.2 Safeguard Measures 71
Exercises 1 73
4.3 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 75
4.3.1 Regulations for Animal and Plant Products 75
4.3.2 The Least Developed and Those Depending on Food Imports 76
4.4 Schedules of Concessions on Goods 76
4.4.1 The Uruguay Round Increased Bindings 76
4.4.2 Four Parts of the Schedule 76
4.4.3 Content of the Schedule 77
Exercises 2 77
4.5 State Trading Enterprise 79
4.6 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 80
Exercises 3 82
4.7 Technical Barriers to Trade 83
4.8 Textiles 83
4.8.1 Textiles Monitoring Body(TMB) 83
4.8.2 The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)1995—2004 84
Exercises 4 87
4.9 Trade Facilitation 88
4.9.1 Mandate for Work by the Singapore Ministerial Declaration 88
4.9.2 What is Trade Facilitation? 88
4.9.3 Why is Trade Facilitation Becoming an Issue Now? 89
4.9.4 Trade Facilitation in the Legal Framework of the WTO 89
4.9.5 Current Status of Work 89
Exercises 5 89
PART B 90
Translation of WTO Documents 90
Language Features of This Unit 92
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 93
Unit 5 Service Trade 94
PART A 94
5.1 Basic Principles 94
5.2 General Obligations and Disciplines 94
5.2.1 Total Coverage 94
5.2.2 Most-Favored-Nation(MFN)Treatment 95
5.2.3 Commitments on Market Access and National Treatment 95
5.2.4 Transparency 96
5.2.5 Regulations 96
5.2.6 Recognition 96
5.2.7 International Payments and Transfers 96
5.2.8 Progressive Liberalization 97
Exercises 1 97
5.3 The Annexes 101
5.3.1 Movement of Natural Persons 102
5.3.2 Financial Services 102
5.3.3 Telecommunications 102
5.3.4 Air Transport Services 102
5.4 Current Work 102
5.4.1 Negotiations(Article 19) 102
5.4.2 Work on GATS Rules(Articles 10,13,15) 103
5.4.3 Work on Domestic Regulations(Article 4.4) 103
5.4.4 MFN Exemptions(Annex on Article 2) 103
5.4.5 Taking Account of"Autonomous"Liberalization(Article 19) 104
5.4.6 Special Treatment for Least-Developed Countries(Article 19) 104
5.4.7 Assessment of Trade in Services(Article 19) 104
5.4.8 Air Transport Services 104
Exercises 2 104
5.5 Assessment of Liberalization in Services 107
5.5.1 Sectoral Experience of Hong Kong in Telecommunications 107
5.5.2 Background 107
5.5.3 Financial Model 107
5.5.4 Cost-Benefits Analysis 108
5.5.5 Tangible Benefits 109
5.5.6 Intangible Benefits 109
5.5.7 Observations 110
Exercises 3 110
PART B 114
Translation of WTO Documents 114
Language Features of This Unit 115
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 116
Unit 6 Intellectual Property 118
PART A 118
6.1 Understanding of Intellectual Property(IP)Rights 118
6.2 Industrial Property 118
Exercises 1 119
6.3 Intellectual Property:Protection and Enforcement 124
6.3.1 Origins of TRIPS 124
6.3.2 WIPO 125
6.3.3 General Provisions 126
6.4 Basic Principles of TRIPS 126
6.5 How to Protect Intellectual Property:Common Ground-Rules 127
6.5.1 Copyright 127
6.5.2 Trademarks 127
6.5.3 Geographical Indications 127
Exercises 2 128
6.5.4 Industrial Designs 132
6.5.5 Patents 132
6.5.6 Integrated Circuits Layout Designs 133
6.5.7 Undisclosed Information and Trade Secrets 133
6.5.8 Curbing Anti-Competitive Licensing Contracts 133
6.6 Enforcement:Tough but Fair 133
6.6.1 Technology Transfer 133
6.6.2 Transition Arrangements:1,5 or 11 Years or More 134
6.7 The Three Main Features of the Agreement 134
6.8 Certain General Provisions 135
Exercises 3 136
6.9 The Text of TRIPS 139
Exercises 4 141
PART B 145
Translation of WTO Documents 145
Language Features of This Unit 147
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 147
Unit 7 Understanding WTO Agreements on Agriculture 149
PART A 149
7.1 Overview 149
7.2 How the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Come Out 150
7.2.1 Agricultural Trade 150
7.2.2 Trade Policies Prior to the WTO 150
7.2.3 Uruguay Round Agricultural Negotiations 151
Exercises 1 152
7.3 Introduction of the Agreement on Agriculture 156
7.3.1 Relationship with other WTO Agreements 156
7.3.2 Product coverage 156
7.3.3 Rules and commitments 156
7.3.4 Implementation period 156
7.3.5 Committee on Agriculture 157
7.4 The WTO Agreement on Agriculture Itself 157
7.4.1 Part Ⅰ 158
Exercises 2 159
7.4.2 Part Ⅱ 162
7.4.3 Part Ⅲ 163
7.4.4 Part Ⅳ 165
Exercises 3 166
7.4.5 Part Ⅴ 169
7.4.6 Part Ⅵ 171
Exercises 4 172
PART B 175
Translation of WTO Documents 175
Language Features of This Unit 179
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 180
Unit 8 Relation between WTO and China 182
PART A 182
8.1 China Has Had a"Long March"to WTO Entry 182
8.2 China's WTO Entry Is a Major Historic Event 183
Exercises 1 184
8.3 The Balance of Rights and Duties 188
8.4 What Can China's Industries Get from the WTO? 188
Exercises 2 189
8.5 The Sino-US Bilateral Agreement 191
Exercises 3 194
PART B 196
Translation of WTO Documents 196
Language Features of This Unit 199
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 199
Unit 9 An Outline of WTO Agreements 201
PART A 201
9.1 Overview 201
9.2 The Structure of the WTO Agreements 202
9.3 Tariffs:More Bindings and Closer to Zero 203
Exercises 1 203
9.4 Agreements,Binding'Tariffs and Distortion 206
9.5 The Agriculture Agreement:New Rules and Commitments 208
9.6 Export Subsidies:Limits on Spending and Quantities 209
Exercises 2 210
9.7 Standards and Safety 213
9.8 Textiles:Back in the Mainstream 214
9.9 Services:Rules for Growth and Investment 215
Exercises 3 216
9.10 General Obligations and Disciplines 217
9.11 International Payments and Transfers 219
Exercises 4 220
PART B 222
Translation of WTO Documents 222
Language Features of This Unit 224
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 225
Unit 10 Dispute Settlement 227
PART A 227
10.1 A Unique Contribution 227
10.2 Settling Disputes 228
10.3 How the Panels Are to Work 229
10.3.1 Appeals 230
Exercises 1 231
10.3.2 Case Study 234
10.3.3 Disputes:Where Should They Be Handled? 234
Exercises 2 237
10.4 A GATT Dispute:The Tuna-Dolphin Dispute 240
10.5 Examples of Dispute Settlement Documents 242
Exercises 3 244
PART B 247
Translation of WTO Documents 247
Language Features of This Unit 249
Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese 250