1．Understanding the Computer 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Evolution of Computers 3
1.3 Generations of Computers 6
1.4 Classification of Computers 11
1.5 Computing Concepts 18
1.6 The Computer System 18
1.7 Applications of Computers 20
Chapter Summary 21
Key Terms to Remember 21
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 22
Multiple Choice Questions 23
Discussion Questions 24
2．Computer Organisation and Architecture 26
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Central Processing Unit 27
2.3 Internal Communications 30
2.4 Machine Cycle 34
2.5 The Bus 35
2.6 Instruction Set 36
Chapter Summary 38
Key Terms to Remember 38
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 39
Multiple Choice Questions 40
Discussion Questions 41
3．Memory and Storage Systems 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Memory Representation 44
3.3 Random Access Memory 46
3.4 Read Only Memory 49
3.5 Storage Systems 50
3.6 Magnetic Storage Systems 50
3.7 Optical Storage Systems 53
3.8 Magneto Optical Systems 55
3.9 Solid-state Storage Devices 56
3.10 Storage Evaluaton Criteria 58
Chapter Summary 58
Key Terms to Remember 59
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 59
Multiple Choice Questions 60
Discussion Questions 61
4．Input Devices 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Keyboard 64
4.3 Pointing Devices 65
4.4 Scanning Devices 68
4.5 Optical Recognition Devices 70
4.6 Digital Camera 72
4.7 Voice Recognition System 74
4.8 Data Acquisition Sensors 74
4.9 Media Input Devices 74
Chapter Summary 76
Key Terms to Remember 76
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 77
Multiple Choice Questions 78
Discussion Questions 79
5．Output Devices 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Display Monitors 82
5.3 Printers 84
5.4 Impact Printers 84
5.5 Non-impact Printers 86
5.6 Plotters 87
5.7 Voice Output Systems 88
5.8 Projectors 89
5.9 Terminals 89
Chapter Summary 90
Key Terms to Remember 90
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 91
Multiple Choice Questions 92
Discussion Questions 93
6．Computer Codes 94
6.1 Introduction 94
6.2 Decimal System 95
6.3 Binary System 96
6.4 Hexadecimal System 97
6.5 Octal System 98
6.6 4-bit Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)Systems 99
6.7 8-bit BCD Systems 103
6.8 16-bit Unicode 108
6.9 Conversion of Numbers 110
Chapter Summary 119
Key Terms to Remember 119
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 120
Multiple Choice Questions 121
Discussion Questions 122
7．Computer Arithmetic 123
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 Binary Addition 124
7.3 Binary Multiplication 126
7.4 Binary Subtraction 128
7.5 Binary Division 130
7.6 Signed/unsigned Numbers 132
7.7 Complements of Binary Numbers 133
7.8 Binary Subtraction Using Complements 137
7.9 Representing Numbers 143
7.10 Integer Arithmetic 145
7.11 Floating-point Arithmetic 152
7.12 Errors in Arithmetic 154
7.13 Laws of Arithmetic 156
Chapter Summary 158
Key Terms to Remember 158
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 159
Multiple Choice Questions 159
Discussion Questions 161
8．Boolean Algebra of Switching Circuits 162
8.1 Introduction 162
8.2 Elements of Boolean Algebra 163
8.3 Basic Postulates of Boolean Algebra 165
8.4 Boolean Operations 166
8.5 Principle of Duality 167
8.6 Basic Laws of Boolean Algebra 168
8.7 Demorgan's Theorem 178
8.8 Boolean Expressions 180
8.9 Venn Diagram 182
Chapter Summary 184
Key Terms to Remember 184
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 185
Multiple Choice Questions 186
Discussion Questions 187
9．Logic Gates and Digital Circuits 189
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Basic Logic Gates 190
9.3 Derived Logic Gates 193
9.4 Conversion of Boolean Functions 195
9.5 Adder Circuits 202
9.6 Flip-flop Circuits 204
9.7 Application of Flip-flops 206
Chapter Summary 209
Key Terms to Remember 209
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 209
Multiple Choice Questions 210
Discussion Questions 211
10．Computer Software 213
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Types of Computer Software 214
10.3 System Management Programs 215
10.4 System Development Programs 217
10.5 Standard Application Programs 220
10.6 Unique Application Programs 223
10.7 Problem Solving 225
10.8 Structuring the Logic 228
10.9 Using the Computer 231
Chapte rSummary 232
Key Terms to Remember 233
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 234
Multiple Choice Questions 234
Discussion Questions 235
11．Operating Systems 237
11.1 Introduction 238
11.2 History of Operating Systems 238
11.3 Functions of Operating Systems 239
11.4 Process Management 240
11.5 Memory Management 246
11.6 File Management 249
11.7 Device Management 251
11.8 Security Management 253
11.9 Types of Operating Systems 253
11.10 Providing User Interface 256
11.11 Popular Operating Systems 258
Chapter Summary 262
Key Terms to Remember 263
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 264
Multiple Choice Questions 265
Discussion Questions 266
12．Microsoft Software 267
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 MS-DOS 268
12.3 MS Word System 278
12.4 MS Excel System 290
12.5 MS Powerpoint System 298
12.6 MS Access System 303
12.7 MS Publisher 319
Chapter Summary 327
Key Terms to Remember 328
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 329
Multiple Choice Questions 329
Discussion Questions 331
13．Programming Languages 332
13.1 Introduction 332
13.2 History of Programming Languages 333
13.3 Generations of Programming Languages 335
13.4 Characteristics of a Good Programming Language 340
13.5 Categorisation of High-level Languages 341
13.6 Popular High-level Languages 343
13.7 Factors Affecting the Choice of a Language 347
13.8 Developing a Program 348
13.9 Running a Program 351
Chapter Summary 352
Key Terms to Remember 352
Review Questions 353
Fill in the blanks 353
Multiple Choice Questions 354
Discussion Questions 355
14．Data Communications and Networks 356
14.1 Introduction 356
14.2 Data Communication Using Modem 357
14.3 Computer Network 359
14.4 Network Topologies 365
14.5 Network Protocols and Software 369
14.6 Applications of Network 370
Chapter Summary 370
Key Terms to Remember 371
Review Questions 371
Fill in the blanks 371
Multiple Choice Questions 372
Discussion Questions 373
15．The Internet and World Wide Web 375
15.1 Introduction 375
15.2 History of Internet 376
15.3 Internet Applications 378
15.4 Understanding the World Wide Web 381
15.5 Web Browsers 381
15.6 Browsing the internet 384
15.7 Using a Search Engine 386
15.8 Email Service 389
15.9 Protocols Used for the Internet 389
Chapter Summary 392
Key Terms to Remember 392
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 393
Multiple Choice Questions 393
Discussion Questions 395
16．Introduction to C Programming 396
16.1 Introduction 396
16.2 Characer set,Keywords and Data Types 398
16.3 Preprocessor Directives 401
16.4 Constants and Variable Types 403
16.5 Operators and Statements 406
16.6 Control Statements 411
16.7 Arrays and Strings 432
16.8 Functions 434
16.9 Structures 439
16.10 Pointers 442
16.11 Files in C 443
Chapter Summary 445
Sample Programs 445
Key Terms to Remember 449
Review Questions Fill in the blanks 450
Multiple Choice Questions 451
Discussion Questions 452
Appendix A 453
Appendix B 460