1 Basic Concepts 1
1.1 Welcome to Assembly Language 1
1.1.1 Some Good Questions to Ask 2
1.1.2 Assembly Language Applications 7
1.1.3 Section Review 8
1.2 Virtual Machine Concept 8
1.2.1 The History of PC Assemblers 11
1.3 Data Representation 12
1.2.2 Section Review 12
1.3.1.1 Unsigned Binary Integers 13
1.3.1 Binary Numbers 13
1.3.1.2 Translating Unsigned Binary Integers to Decimal 14
1.3.1.3 Translating Unsigned Decimal Integers to Binary 14
1.3.2 Binary Addition 15
1.3.3 Integer Storage Sizes 16
1.3.4 Hexadecimal Integers 16
17.2.2 Immediate Operands 17
17 Advanced Topics 17
17.2.4 Memory-Mode Instructions 17
17.3.6 IA-32 Floating Point Architecture 17
1.3.4.1 Converting Unsigned Hexadecimal to Decimal 17
17.1.1 Input-Output Ports 17
17.1.1.1 PC Sound Program 17
17.2.3 Register-Mode Instructions 17
17.2.4.1 MOV Instruction Examples 17
17.2.5 Section Review 17
17.3 Floating-Point Arithmetic 17
17.3.1 IEEE Binary Floating-Point Representation 17
17.3.1.2 The Mantissa 17
17.3.2 The Exponent 17
17.3.3 Normalizing the Mantissa 17
17.3.4 Creating the IEEE Bit Representation 17
17.3.5 Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary Reals 17
17.3.7 Instruction Formats 17
17.3.8 Floating-Point Code Examples 17
17.3.8.1 Example 1:Evaluating an Expression 17
17.1 Hardware Control Using I/O Ports 17
17.2 Intel Instruction Encoding 17
17.2.1 Single-Byte Instructions 17
17.3.1.1 The Sign 17
1.3.4.2 Converting Unsigned Decimal to Hexadecimal 18
1.3.5 Signed Integers 18
1.3.5.1 Two's Complement Notation 19
1.3.5.2 Maximum and Minimum Values 21
1.3.6 Character Storage 21
Contents 23
Preface 23
1.3.7 Section Review 23
1.4 Boolean Operations 25
1.4.1 Truth Tables for Boolean Functions 27
1.4.2 Section Review 29
1.5 Chapter Summary 29
2 IA-32 Processor Architecture 31
2.1 General Concepts 31
2.1.1 Basic Microcomputer Design 32
2.1.2 Instruction Execution Cycle 33
2.1.2.1 Multi-Stage Pipeline 34
2.1.2.2 Superscalar Architecture 36
2.1.3 Reading from Memory 37
2.1.4 How Programs Run 38
2.1.4.1 Load and Execute Process 38
2.1.4.2 Multitasking 39
2.1.5 Section Review 40
2.2 IA-32 Processor Architecture 41
2.2.1 Modes of Operation 41
2.2.2 Basic Execution Environment 41
2.2.2.1 Address Space 41
2.2.2.1 Basic Program Execution Registers 42
2.2.3 Floating-Point Unit 44
2.2.3.1 Other Registers 44
2.2.4 Intel Microprocessor History 45
2.2.4.1 IA-32 Processor Family 46
2.2.4.2 P6 Processor Family 46
2.2.4 3 CISC and RISC 46
2.2.5 Section Review 47
2.3 lA-32 Memory Management 48
2.3.1 Real-address Mode 48
2.3.1.1 20-bit Linear Address Calculation 49
2.3.2 Protected Mode 50
2.3.2.1 Flat Segmentation Model 50
2.3.2.2 Multi-Segment Model 51
2.3.2.3 Paging 52
2.4 Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer 53
2.4.1 Motherboard 53
2.3.3 Section Review 53
2.4.1.1 PCI Bus Architecture 54
2.4.1.2 Motherboard Chipset 54
2.4.2 Video Output 55
2.4.3 Memory 55
2.4.4 Input-Output Ports 56
2.4.5 Section Review 57
2.5 Input-Output System 57
2.5.1 How It All Works 57
2.5.2 Section Review 60
2.6 Chapter Summary 60
3 Assembly Language Fundamentals 63
3.1 Basic Elements of Assembly Language 64
3.1.1 Integer Constants 64
3.1.2 Integer Expressions 65
3.1.3 Real Number Constants 66
3.1.4 Character Constants 67
3.1.5 String Constants 67
3.1.6 Reserved Words 67
3.1.7 Identifiers 67
3.1.8 Directives 68
3.1.9 Instructions 68
3.1.9.1 Label 69
3.1.9.2 Instruction Mnemonic 70
3.1.9.3 Operands 70
3.1.9.4 Comments 71
3.1.10 Section Review 71
3.2 Example:Adding Three Integers 72
3.2.1 Program Listing 72
3.2.2 Program Output 72
3.2.3 Program Description 73
3.2.3.1 AItemative Version of AddSub 74
3.2.4 Program Template 76
3.2.5 Section Review 76
3.3 Assembling,Linking,and Running Programs 77
3.3.1 The Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle 77
3.3.1.1 Listing File 78
3.3.1.2 Files Created or Updated by the Linker 79
3.3.2 Section Review 80
3.4 Defining Data 80
3.4.1 Intrinsic Data Types 80
3.4.3 Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data 81
3.4.2 Data Definition Statement 81
3.4.3.1 Multiple Initializers 82
3.4.3.3 Using the DUP Operator 83
3 4.3.2 Defining Strings 83
3.4.4 Defining WORD and SWORD Data 84
3.4 5 Defining DWORD and SDWORD Data 84
3.4.7 Defining TBYTE Data 85
3.4.8 Defining Real Number Data 85
3.4.6 Defining QWORD Data 85
3.4.9 Little Endian Order 86
3.4.10 Adding Variables to the AddSub Program 87
3.4.11 Declaring Uninitialized Data 87
3.4.12 Section Review 88
3.5 Symbolic Constants 89
3.5.1 Equal-Sign Directive 89
3.5.2 Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings 90
3.5.3 EQU Directive 91
3.5.4 TEXTEQU Directive 92
3.5.5 Section Review 93
3.6 Real-Address Mode Programming（Optional） 93
3.6.1.1 The AddSub2 Program 94
3.6.1 Basic Changes 94
3.7 Chapter Summary 95
3.8 Programming Exercises 96
4 Data Transfers,Addressing,and Arithmetic 97
4.1.1 Introduction 98
4.1.2 Operand Types 98
4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 98
4.1.3 Direct Memory Operands 99
4.1.4 MOV Instruction 100
4.1.5 Zero/Sign Extension of Integers 101
4.1.5.1 Copying Smaller Values to Larger Ones 101
4.1.5.2 MOVZX Instruction 102
4.1.5.3 MOVSX Instruction 103
4.1.6 LAHF and SAHF Instructions 103
4.1.7 XCHG Instruction 104
4.1.8 Direct-Offset Operands 104
4.1.9 Example Program（Moves） 105
4.1.10 Section Review 106
4.2 Addition and Subtraction 107
4.2.1 INC and DEC Instructions 107
4.2.3 SUB Instruction 108
4.2.2 ADD Instruction 108
4.2.4 NEG Instruction 109
4.2.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions 109
4.2.6 Flags Affected by Arithmetic 110
4.2.6.1 Zero and Sign Flags 110
4.2.6.2 Carry Flag（unsigned arithmetic） 110
4.2.6.3 Overflow Flag（signed arithmetic） 111
4.2.7 Example Program（AddSub3） 113
4.2.8 Section Review 114
4.3 Data-Related Operators and Directives 115
4.3.1 OFFSET Operator 115
4.3.1.1 OFFSET Example 115
4.3.2 ALIGN Directive 116
4.3.3 PTR Operator 117
4.3.4 TYPE Operator 118
4.3.5 LENGTHOF Operator 118
4.3.6 SIZEOF Operator 119
4.3.7 LABEL Directive 119
4.3.8 Section Review 120
4.4 Indirect Addressing 120
4.4.1 Indirect Operands 121
4.4.2 Arrays 122
4.4.3 Indexed Operands 123
4.4.4 Pointers 124
4.4.4.1 Using the TYPDEF Operator 125
4.4.5 Section Review 126
4.5 JMP and LOOP Instructions 127
4.5.1 JMP Instruction 127
4.5 2 LOOP Instruction 128
4.5.3 Summing an Integer Array 129
4.5.4 Copying a String 130
4.5.5 Section Review 131
4.6 Chapter Summary 132
4.7 Programming Exercises 133
5 Procedures 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Linking to an External Library 138
5.2.1 Background Information 138
5.2.2 Section Review 139
5.3 The Book's Link Library 140
5.3.1 Overview 140
5.3.2 Individual Procedure Descriptions 141
5.3.2.1 The Irvine32.inc Include File 147
5 3.3 Library Test Program 148
5.3.4 Section Review 152
5.4 Stack Operations 153
5.4.1 Runtime Stack 153
5.4.1.1 Push Operation 154
5.4.1.2 Pop Operation 155
5.4.1.3 Stack Applications 155
5.4.2.2 POP Instruction 156
5.4.2.3 PUSHFD and POPFD Instructions 156
5.4.2 PUSH and POP Instructions 156
5.4.2.1 PUSH Instruction 156
5.4.2.4 PUSHAD,PUSHA,POPAD,and POPA 157
5.4.2.5 Example:Reversing a String 157
5.4.3 Section Review 158
5.5 Defining and Using Procedures 159
5.5.1 PROC Directive 159
5.5.1.1 Defining a Procedure 159
5.5.1.2 Example:Sum of Three Integers 160
Documenting Procedures 160
5.5.2 CALL and RET Instructions 161
5.5.2.1 Call and Retum Example 161
5.5.2.2 Nested Procedure Calls 162
5.5.2.3 Local Labels and Global Labels 163
5.5.2.4 Passing Register Arguments to Procedures 164
5.5.3 Example：Summing an Integer Array 164
5.5.4 Flowcharts 165
5.5.5 Saving and Restoring Registers 166
5.5.5.1 USES Operator 166
5.5.6 Section Review 168
5.6 Program Design Using Procedures 169
5.6.1 Integer Summation Program（Design） 170
5.6.1.1 Integer Summation Implementation 172
5.7 Chapter Summary 175
5.6.2 Section Review 175
5.8 Programming Exercises 176
6 Conditional Processing 179
6.1 Introduction 180
6.2 Boolean and Comparison Instructions 180
6.2.1 The CPU Flags 181
6.2.2 AND Instruction 181
6.2.2.1 Converting Characters to Upper Case 182
6.2.3 OR Instruction 183
6.2.4 XOR Instruction 184
6.2.6 TEST Instruction 186
6.2.5 NOT Instruction 186
6.2.7 CMP Instruction 186
6.2.8 Setting and Clearing Individual CPU Flags 188
6.2.9 Section Review 188
6.3 Conditional Jumps 189
6.3.1 Conditional Structures 189
6.3.2 Jcond Instruction 190
6.3.3 Types of Conditional Jump Instructions 191
6.3 3.1 Equality Comparisons 192
6.3.3.2 Unsigned Comparisons 192
6.3.3.3 Signed Comparisons 192
6.3.4.1 Testing Status Bits 193
6.3.4 Conditional Jump Applications 193
6.3.4.2 Application：Scanning an Array 194
6.3.4.3 Application：String Encryption 195
6.3.5 Bit Testing Instructions（Optional） 198
6.3.5.1 BT Instruction 198
6.3.5.2 BTC Instruction 199
6.3.5.3 BTR Instruction 199
6.3.5.4 BTS Instruction 199
6.4 Conditional Loop Instructions 200
6.3.6 Section Review 200
6.4.1 LOOPZ and LOoPE Instructions 200
6.4.2 LOOPNZ and LOOPNE Instructions 201
6.5.1 Block-Structured IF Statements 202
6.4.3 Section Review 202
6.5 Conditional Structures 202
6.5.2 Compound Expressions 204
6.5.2.1 Logical AND Operator 204
6.5.2.2 Logical OR Operator 205
6.5.3 WHILE Loops 205
6.5.3.1 Example：IF statement Nested in a Loop 206
6.5.4 Table-Driven Selection 208
6.5.5 Section Review 210
6.6 Application：Finite-State Machines 211
6.6.1 Validating an Input String 212
6.6.2 Validating a Signed Integer 213
6.6.3 Section Review 216
6.7 Using the.IF Directive（Optional） 217
6.7.1 Signed and Unsigned Comparisons 219
6.7.2 Compound Expressions 220
6.7.2.1 SetCursorPosition Example 220
6.7.2.2 College Registration Example 221
6 7.3 REPEAT and.WHILE Directives 222
6.7.3.1 Example：Loop Containing an IF Statement 222
6.8 Chapter Summary 223
6.9 Programming Exercises 224
7 Integer Arithmetic 227
7.2 Shift and Rotate Instructions 228
7.1 Introduction 228
7.2.2 SHL Instruction 229
7.2.1 Logical Shifts versus Arithmetic Shifts 229
7.2.3 SHR Instruction 230
7.2.4 SAL and SAR Instructions 231
7.2.5 ROL Instruction 231
7.2.6 ROR Instruction 232
7.2.7 RCL and RCR Instructions 232
7.2.8 SHLD/SHRD Instructions 233
7.2.9 Section Review 235
7.3 Shift and Rotate Applications 236
7.3.1 Shifting Multiple Doublewords 236
7.3.2 Binary Multiplication 237
7.3.3 Displaying Binary Bits 237
7.3.4 Isolating a Bit String 238
7.3.5 Section Review 239
7.4 Multiplication and Division Instructions 239
7.4.1 MUL Instruction 240
7.4.2 IMUL Instruction 241
7.4.3 DIV Instruction 242
7.4.4.1 CBW,CWD,CDQ Instructions 243
7.4.4 Signed Integer Division 243
7.4.4.2 The IDIV Instruction 243
7.4.4.3 Divide Overflow 244
7.4.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions 245
7.4.6 Section Review 247
7.5 Extended Addition and Subtraction 248
7.5.1 ADC Instruction 248
7.5.2 Extended Addition Example 249
7.5.4 Section Review 250
7.5.3 SBB Instruction 250
7.6 ASCll and Packed Decimal Arithmetic（Optlonal） 251
7.6.1 AAA Instruction 252
7.6.2 AAS Instruction 253
7.6.3 AAM Instruction 253
7.6.4 AAD Instruction 253
7.6.5.1 DAA Instruction 254
7.6.5 Packed Decimal Integers 254
7.6.5.2 DAS Instruction 254
7.7 Chapter Summary 255
7.8 Programming Exercises 256
8 Advanced Procedures 259
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Local Variables 260
8.2.1 LOCAL Directive 261
8.3 Stack Parameters 263
8.2.2 Section Review 263
8.3.1 INVOKE Directive 264
8.3.1.1 DDR Operator 265
8.3.2 PROC Directive 266
8.3.2.1 Examples 267
8.3.3 PROTO Directive 268
8.3.4 Passing by Value or by Reference 269
8.3.3.1 ArraySum Example 269
8.3.6 Example:Exchanging Two Integers 271
8.3.5 Parameter Classifications 271
8.3.7 Trouble-Shooting Tips 272
8.3.7.1 Saving and Restoring Registers 272
8.3.7.2 Wrong Operand Sizes 273
8.3.7.4 Passing Immediate Values 274
8.3.8 Section Review 274
8.3.7.3 Passing the Wrong Type of Pointer 274
8.4 Stack Frames 275
8.4.1 Memory Models 276
8.4.2 Language Specifiers 277
8.4.2.1 STDCALL Specifier 277
8.4.2.2 C Specifier 278
8.4.2.3 PASCAL Specifier 278
8.4.3 Explicit Access to Stack Parameters 278
8.4.4 Passing Arguments by Reference 280
8.4.2.1 Saving and Restoring Registers 280
8.4.4.1 ArrayFill Example 281
8.4.4.2 LEA Instruction 282
8.4.5 Creating Local Variables 282
8.4.6 ENTER and LEAVE Instructions（Optional） 283
8.5 Recursion 285
8.4.7 Section Review 285
8.5.1 Recursively Calculating a Sum 286
8.5.2 Calculating a Factorial 288
8.6 Creating Multimodule Programs 290
8.5.3 Section Review 290
8.6.1 Example:ArraySum Program 291
8.6.1.1 Include File:Function Prototypes 292
8.6.1.2 Main Module 292
8.6.1.3 PromptForIntegers Module 293
8.6.1.4 ArraySum Module 294
8.6.1.5 DisplaySum Module 295
8.6.1.6 Batch File for Assembling and Linking 295
8.6.2 Section Review 296
8.7 Chapter Summary 296
8.8 Programming Exercises 298
9 Strings and Arrays 301
9.1 Introduction 301
9.2 String Primitive Instructions 302
9.2.1 MOVSB,MOVSW,and MOVSD 304
9.2.2 CMPSB,CMPSW,and CMPSD 304
9.2.2.1 Example:Comparing Two Strings 306
9.2.3 SCASB,SCASW,and SCASD 307
9.2.4 STOSB,STOSW,and STOSD 308
9.2.5 LODSB,LODSW,and LODSD 308
9.2.6 Section Review 309
9.3 Selected String Procedures 309
9.3.1 Str_compare Procedure 310
9.3.2 Str_length Procedure 311
9.3.3 Str_copy Procedure 311
9.3.4 Str_trim Procedure 312
9.3.5 Str_ucase Procedure 314
9.3.6 Section Review 315
9.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 315
9.4.1 Base-Index Operands 315
9.4.2 Base-Index Displacement 317
9.4.3 Section Review 318
9.5 Searching and Sorting Integer Arrays 318
9.5.1 Bubble Sort 319
9.5.2 Binary Search 321
9.5.2.1 Test Program 324
9.5.3 Section Review 328
9.6 Chapter Summary 328
9.7 Programming Exercises 330
10 Structures and Macros 333
10.1 Structures 334
10.1.1 Defining Structures 334
10.1.2 Declaring Structure Variables 335
10.1.3 Referencing Structure Variables 336
10.1.4 Example:Displaying the System Time 338
10.1.5 Nested Structures 340
10.1.6 Example:Drunkard's Walk 341
10.1.7 Declaring and Using Unions 344
10.1.8 Section Review 346
10.2 Macros 347
10.2.1 Overview 347
10.2.2 Defining Macros 348
10.2.3 Invoking Macros 349
10.2.4 Macro Examples 350
10.2.4.1 mWriteStr Macro 351
10.2.4.2 mReadStr Macro 352
10.2.4.3 mGotoxy Macro 352
10.2.4.4 mDumpMem Macro 353
10.2.4.5 Macros Containing Code and Data 354
10.2.5 Nested Macros 355
10.2.6 Example Program:Wrappers 356
10.2.7 Section Review 357
10.3 Conditional-Assembly Directives 358
10.3.1 Checking for Missing Arguments 359
10.3.2 Default Argument Initializers 360
10.3.3 Boolean Expressions 360
10.3.4 IF,ELSE,and ENDIF Directives 361
10.3.5 The IFIDN and IFIDNI Directives 362
10.3.6 SpecialOperators 363
10.3.6.1 Substitution Operator（ ） 363
10.3.6.2 Expansion Operator（%） 364
10.3.6.3 Literal-Text Operator（<>） 366
10.3.6.4 Literal-Character Operator （!） 366
10.3.7 Macro Functions 367
10.3.8 Section Review 369
10.4 Defining Repeat Blocks 370
10.4.1 WHILE Directive 370
10.4.2 REPEAT Directive 371
10.4.3 FOR Directive 371
10.4.4 FORC Directive 372
10.4.5 Example:Linked List 373
10.5 Chapter Summary 375
10.4.6 Section Review 375
10.6 Programming Exercises 376
11 32-Bit Windows Programming 379
11.1 Win32 Console Programming 379
11.1.1 Background Information 381
11.1.1.1 Windows DataTypes 382
11.1.1.2 Console Handles 383
11.1.2 Win32 Console Functions 384
11.1.3 Console Input 386
11.1.3.1 ReadConsole Function 387
11.1.3.2 Single-Character Input 388
11.1.4 Console Output 389
11.1.4.3 Example Program:Console1 390
11.1.4.1 Data Structures 390
11.1.4.2 WriteConsole Function 390
11.1.4.4 WriteConsoleOutputCharacter Function 391
11.1.5.1 CreateFile Function 392
11.1.5 Reading and Writing Files 392
11.1.5.4 WriteFile Function 395
11.1.5.3 ReadFile Function 395
11.1.5.2 CloseHandle Function 395
11.1.5.5 Example WriteFile Program 396
11.1.5.6 Moving the File Pointer 397
11.1.5.7 Example ReadFile Program 397
11.1.6 Console Window Manipulation 398
11.1.6.2 GetConsoleScreenBufferlnfo 399
11.1.6.1 SetConsoleTitle 399
11.1.6.3 SetConsoleWindowlnfo Function 400
11.1.6.4 SetConsoleScreenBufferSize Function 402
11.1.7 Controlling the Cursor 402
11.1.7.1 GetConsoleCursorlnfo Function 402
11.1.7.2 SetConsoleCursorlnfo Function 402
11.1.7.3 SetConsoleCursorPosition 403
11.1.8.1 SetConsoleTextAttribute Function 403
11.1.8 Controlling the Text Color 403
11.1.8.2 WriteConsoleOutputAttribute Function 403
11.1.8.3 Example WriteColors Program 403
11.1.9 Time and Date Functions 405
11.1.9.1 GetLocalTime and SetLocalTime 406
11.1.9.3 Sleep Function 407
11.1.9.2 GetTickCount Function 407
11.1.9.4 GetDateTime Procedure 408
11.1.9.5 Creating a Stopwatch Timer 409
11.1.10 Section Review 410
11.2 Writing a Graphical Windows Application 411
11.2.1 Necessary Structures 412
11.2.2 The MessageBox Function 413
11.2.3 The WinMain Procedure 414
11.2.4 The WinProc Procedure 414
11.2.5 The ErrorHandler Procedure 415
11.2.6 Program Listing 416
11.2.6.1 Running the Program 419
11.2.7 Section Review 420
11.3.1 Linear Addresses 421
11.3.1.1 Translating Logical Addresses to Linear Addresses 421
11.3 IA-32 Memory Management 421
11.3.1.2 Paging 423
11.3.1.3 Descriptor Tables 424
11.3.2 Page Translation 425
11.3.1.4 Segment Descriptor Details 425
11.3.2.1 MS-Windows Virtual Machine Manager 426
11.3.3 Section Review 427
11.4 Chapter Summary 428
11.5 Programming Exercises 429
12.1 Introduction 431
12.1.1 General Conventions 431
12 High-Level Language Interface 431
12.2.1 _asm Directive in Microsoft Visual C++ 433
12.1.2 Section Review 433
12.2 Inline Assembly Code 433
12.2.1.1 Using the LENGTH,TYPE,and SIZE Operators 435
12.2.2 File Encryption Example 436
12.2.2.1 Procedure Call Overhead 437
12.2.3 Section Review 439
12.3 Linking to C++ Programs 439
12.3.1 Linking to Borland C++ 440
12.3.2 ReadSector Example 441
12.3.2.1 Main C++ Program That Calls ReadSector 442
12.3.2.2 Assembly Language Module 444
12.3.3 Example：Large Random Integers 446
12.3.4 Using Assembly Language to Optimize C++ Code 448
12.3.4.1 FindArray Code Generated by Visual C++ 449
12.3.4.2 Linking MASM to Visual C++ 450
12.3.5 Section Review 454
12.4 Chapter Summary 455
12.5 Programming Exercises 456
13 16-Bit MS-DOS Programming 457
13.1 MS-DOS and the IBM-PC 457
13.1.1 Memory Organization 458
13.1.2 Redirecting Input-Output 460
13.1.3 Software Interrupts 461
13.1.4 INT Instruction 461
13.1.4.1 Interrupt Vectoring 461
13.1.4.2 Common Interrupts 462
13.1.5 Section Review 462
13.2 MS-DOS Function Calls（INT 21h） 463
13.2.1 Selected Output Functions 464
13.2.2 Hello World Program Example 467
13.2.3 Selected Input Functions 467
13.2.3.1 Example:String Encryption Program 469
13.2.3.2 Int 21h Function 3Fh 470
13.2.4 Date/Time Functions 472
13.2.4.1 Example:Displaying the Time and Date 474
13.3 Standsrd MS-DOS File I/O Services 476
13.2.5 Section Review 476
13.3.0.1 Create or Open File（716Ch） 478
13.3.1 Close File Handle（3Eh） 479
13.3.2 Move File Pointer（42h） 480
13.3.2.1 Get File Creation Date and Time 481
13.3.3 Selected Library Procedures 481
13.3.3.2 WriteString 482
13.3.3.1 ReadString 482
13.3.4 Example:Read and Copy a Text File 483
13.3.5 Reading the MS-DOS Command Tail 485
13.3.6 Example:Creating a Binary File 487
13.3.7 Section Review 490
13.4 Chapter Summary 491
13.5 Chapter Exercises 492
14.1 Disk Storage Systems 495
14 Disk Fundamentals 495
14.1.1 Tracks,Cylinders,and Sectors 496
14.1.2 Disk Partitions（Volumes） 498
14.1.3 Section Review 499
14.2 File Systems 500
14.2.1 FAT12 501
14.2.2 FAT16 501
14.2.3 FAT32 501
14.2.4 NTFS 502
14.2.5 Primary Disk Areas 503
14.2.6 Section Review 504
14.3 Disk Directory 505
14.3.1 MS-DOS Directory Structure 505
14.3.2 Long Filenames in MS-Windows 508
14.3.3 File Allocation Table（FAT） 510
14.3.4 Section Review 511
14.4 Reading and Writing Disk Sectors（7305h） 511
14.4.1 Sector Display Program 513
14.4.2 Section Review 517
14.5 System-Level File Functions 517
14.5.1 Get Disk Free Space（7303h） 518
14.5.1.1 Disk Free Space Program 519
14.5.3 Remove Subdirectory（3Ah） 521
14.5.2 Create Subdirectory （39h） 521
14.5.6 Section Review 522
14.5.5 Get Current Directory（47h） 522
14.5.4 Set Current Directory（3Bh） 522
14.6 Chapter Summary 523
14.7 Programming Exercises 524
15.1 Introduction 527
15 BIOS-Level Programming 527
15.1.1 BIOS Data Area 528
15.2 Keyboard Input with INT 16h 529
15.2.1 How the Keyboard Works 530
15.2.2.1 Set Typematic Rate（03h） 531
15.2.2 INT 16h Functions 531
15.2.2.2 Push Key into Keyboard Buffer（05h） 531
15.2.2.3 Wait for Key（10h） 532
15.2.2 4 Check Keyboard Buffer（11h） 533
15.2.2.5 Get Keyboard Flags 534
15.2.2.6 Clearing the Keyboard Buffer 535
15.2.3 Section Review 537
15.3.1 Basic Background 537
15.3.1.1 Three Levels of Access 537
15.3 VIDEO Programming with INT 10h 537
15.3.1.2 Running Programs in Full-Screen Mode 538
15.3.1.3 Understanding Video Text 538
15.3.2 Controlling the Color 539
15.3.2.1 Mixing Primary Colors 539
15.3.2.2 Attribute Byte 540
15.3.3 INT 10h Video Functions 541
15.3.3.1 Set Video Mode（00h） 542
15.3.3.2 15.3.3.Set Cursor Lines（01h） 543
15.3.3.3 Set Cursor Position（02h） 544
15.3.3.4 Get Cursor Position and Size（03h） 544
15.3.3.5 Scroll Window Up （06h） 546
15.3.3.6 Example:Writing Text to a Window 547
15.3.3.9 Write Character and Attribute（09h） 548
15.3.3.8 Read Character and Attribute（08h） 548
15.3.3.7 Scroll Window Down（07h） 548
15.3.3.10 Write Character（0Ah） 549
15.3.3.11 Toggle Blinking and Intensity Modes 550
15.3.3.12 Get Video Mode Information（0Fh） 550
15.3.3.13 Write String in Teletype Mode（13h） 551
15.3.3.14 Example:Displaying a Color String 552
15.3.4.2 Clrscr Procedure 554
15.3.4 Library Procedure Examples 554
15.3.4.1 Gotoxy Procedure 554
15.3.5 Section Review 555
15.4 Drawing Graphics Using INT 10h 555
15.4.1.1 Write Graphics Pixel（0Ch） 556
15.4.1 INT 10h Pixel-Related Functions 556
15.4.1.2 Read Graphics Pixel（0Dh） 557
15.4.2 DrawLine Program 557
15.4.3 Cartesian Coordinates Program 559
15.4.4 Converting Cartesian Coordinates to Screen Coordinates 562
15.5 Memory-Mapped Graphics 563
15.5.1 Mode 13h:320X200,256 Colors 563
15.4.5 Section Review 563
15.5.2 Memory-Mapped Graphics Program 565
15.6.1.1 Reset Mouse and Get Status 568
15.6.1 Mouse INT 33h Functions 568
15.6 Mouse Programming 568
15.5.3 Section Review 568
15.6.1.2 Showing and Hiding the Mouse Pointer 569
15.6.1.3 Get Mouse Position and Status 570
15.6.1.5 Get Button Presses and Releases 571
15.6.1.4 Set Mouse Position 571
15.6.1.7 Miscellaneous Mouse Functions 573
15.6.1.6 Setting Horizontal and Vertical Limits 573
15.6.2 Mouse Tracking Program 574
15.6.3 Section Review 579
15.8 Chapter Exercises 580
15.7 Chapter Summary 580
16 Expert MS-DOS Programming 583
16.1 Introduction 583
16.2 Defining Segments 584
16.2.1 Simplified Segment Directives 584
16.2.2 Explicit Segment Definitions 586
16.2.2.1 Align Type 587
16.2.2.2 Combine Type 587
16.2.2.3 Class Type 588
16.2.2.5 Example:Multiple Data Segments 588
16.2.2.4 ASSUME Directive 588
16.2.3 Segment Overrides 589
16.2.4 Combining Segments 590
16.3 Runtime Program Structure 592
16.2.5 Section Review 592
16.3.1 COM Programs 593
16.3.2.1 Memory Usage 595
16.3.2 EXE Programs 595
16.3.2.2 EXE Header 596
16.3.3 Section Review 597
16.4 Interrupt Handling 597
16.4.1 Hardware Interrupts 599
16.4.2 Interrupt Control Instructions 600
16.4.3 Writing a Custom Interrupt Handler 601
16.4.3.1 Ctrl-Break Handler Example 602
16.4.4.1 Keyboard Example 604
16.4.4 Terminate and Stay Resident Programs 604
16.4.5 Application:The No_Reset Program 605
Chapter 17 is an additional chapter provided as a PDF file on the CD-ROM accompanying this book. 609
16.5 Chapter Summary 609
16.4.6 Section Review 609
Appendix A:Installing and Using the Assembler 611
Appendix B:The IntelInstruction Set 617
Appendix C:BIOS and MS-DOS Interrupts 649
Appendix D:MASM Reference 661