Intel汇编语言程序设计 第4版PDF电子书下载

1 Basic Concepts 1

1.1 Welcome to Assembly Language 1

1.1.1 Some Good Questions to Ask 2

1.1.2 Assembly Language Applications 7

1.1.3 Section Review 8

1.2 Virtual Machine Concept 8

1.2.1 The History of PC Assemblers 11

1.3 Data Representation 12

1.2.2 Section Review 12

1.3.1.1 Unsigned Binary Integers 13

1.3.1 Binary Numbers 13

1.3.1.2 Translating Unsigned Binary Integers to Decimal 14

1.3.1.3 Translating Unsigned Decimal Integers to Binary 14

1.3.2 Binary Addition 15

1.3.3 Integer Storage Sizes 16

1.3.4 Hexadecimal Integers 16

17.2.2 Immediate Operands 17

17 Advanced Topics 17

17.2.4 Memory-Mode Instructions 17

17.3.6 IA-32 Floating Point Architecture 17

1.3.4.1 Converting Unsigned Hexadecimal to Decimal 17

17.1.1 Input-Output Ports 17

17.1.1.1 PC Sound Program 17

17.2.3 Register-Mode Instructions 17

17.2.4.1 MOV Instruction Examples 17

17.2.5 Section Review 17

17.3 Floating-Point Arithmetic 17

17.3.1 IEEE Binary Floating-Point Representation 17

17.3.1.2 The Mantissa 17

17.3.2 The Exponent 17

17.3.3 Normalizing the Mantissa 17

17.3.4 Creating the IEEE Bit Representation 17

17.3.5 Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary Reals 17

17.3.7 Instruction Formats 17

17.3.8 Floating-Point Code Examples 17

17.3.8.1 Example 1:Evaluating an Expression 17

17.1 Hardware Control Using I/O Ports 17

17.2 Intel Instruction Encoding 17

17.2.1 Single-Byte Instructions 17

17.3.1.1 The Sign 17

1.3.4.2 Converting Unsigned Decimal to Hexadecimal 18

1.3.5 Signed Integers 18

1.3.5.1 Two's Complement Notation 19

1.3.5.2 Maximum and Minimum Values 21

1.3.6 Character Storage 21

Contents 23

Preface 23

1.3.7 Section Review 23

1.4 Boolean Operations 25

1.4.1 Truth Tables for Boolean Functions 27

1.4.2 Section Review 29

1.5 Chapter Summary 29

2 IA-32 Processor Architecture 31

2.1 General Concepts 31

2.1.1 Basic Microcomputer Design 32

2.1.2 Instruction Execution Cycle 33

2.1.2.1 Multi-Stage Pipeline 34

2.1.2.2 Superscalar Architecture 36

2.1.3 Reading from Memory 37

2.1.4 How Programs Run 38

2.1.4.1 Load and Execute Process 38

2.1.4.2 Multitasking 39

2.1.5 Section Review 40

2.2 IA-32 Processor Architecture 41

2.2.1 Modes of Operation 41

2.2.2 Basic Execution Environment 41

2.2.2.1 Address Space 41

2.2.2.1 Basic Program Execution Registers 42

2.2.3 Floating-Point Unit 44

2.2.3.1 Other Registers 44

2.2.4 Intel Microprocessor History 45

2.2.4.1 IA-32 Processor Family 46

2.2.4.2 P6 Processor Family 46

2.2.4 3 CISC and RISC 46

2.2.5 Section Review 47

2.3 lA-32 Memory Management 48

2.3.1 Real-address Mode 48

2.3.1.1 20-bit Linear Address Calculation 49

2.3.2 Protected Mode 50

2.3.2.1 Flat Segmentation Model 50

2.3.2.2 Multi-Segment Model 51

2.3.2.3 Paging 52

2.4 Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer 53

2.4.1 Motherboard 53

2.3.3 Section Review 53

2.4.1.1 PCI Bus Architecture 54

2.4.1.2 Motherboard Chipset 54

2.4.2 Video Output 55

2.4.3 Memory 55

2.4.4 Input-Output Ports 56

2.4.5 Section Review 57

2.5 Input-Output System 57

2.5.1 How It All Works 57

2.5.2 Section Review 60

2.6 Chapter Summary 60

3 Assembly Language Fundamentals 63

3.1 Basic Elements of Assembly Language 64

3.1.1 Integer Constants 64

3.1.2 Integer Expressions 65

3.1.3 Real Number Constants 66

3.1.4 Character Constants 67

3.1.5 String Constants 67

3.1.6 Reserved Words 67

3.1.7 Identifiers 67

3.1.8 Directives 68

3.1.9 Instructions 68

3.1.9.1 Label 69

3.1.9.2 Instruction Mnemonic 70

3.1.9.3 Operands 70

3.1.9.4 Comments 71

3.1.10 Section Review 71

3.2 Example:Adding Three Integers 72

3.2.1 Program Listing 72

3.2.2 Program Output 72

3.2.3 Program Description 73

3.2.3.1 AItemative Version of AddSub 74

3.2.4 Program Template 76

3.2.5 Section Review 76

3.3 Assembling,Linking,and Running Programs 77

3.3.1 The Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle 77

3.3.1.1 Listing File 78

3.3.1.2 Files Created or Updated by the Linker 79

3.3.2 Section Review 80

3.4 Defining Data 80

3.4.1 Intrinsic Data Types 80

3.4.3 Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data 81

3.4.2 Data Definition Statement 81

3.4.3.1 Multiple Initializers 82

3.4.3.3 Using the DUP Operator 83

3 4.3.2 Defining Strings 83

3.4.4 Defining WORD and SWORD Data 84

3.4 5 Defining DWORD and SDWORD Data 84

3.4.7 Defining TBYTE Data 85

3.4.8 Defining Real Number Data 85

3.4.6 Defining QWORD Data 85

3.4.9 Little Endian Order 86

3.4.10 Adding Variables to the AddSub Program 87

3.4.11 Declaring Uninitialized Data 87

3.4.12 Section Review 88

3.5 Symbolic Constants 89

3.5.1 Equal-Sign Directive 89

3.5.2 Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings 90

3.5.3 EQU Directive 91

3.5.4 TEXTEQU Directive 92

3.5.5 Section Review 93

3.6 Real-Address Mode Programming（Optional） 93

3.6.1.1 The AddSub2 Program 94

3.6.1 Basic Changes 94

3.7 Chapter Summary 95

3.8 Programming Exercises 96

4 Data Transfers,Addressing,and Arithmetic 97

4.1.1 Introduction 98

4.1.2 Operand Types 98

4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 98

4.1.3 Direct Memory Operands 99

4.1.4 MOV Instruction 100

4.1.5 Zero/Sign Extension of Integers 101

4.1.5.1 Copying Smaller Values to Larger Ones 101

4.1.5.2 MOVZX Instruction 102

4.1.5.3 MOVSX Instruction 103

4.1.6 LAHF and SAHF Instructions 103

4.1.7 XCHG Instruction 104

4.1.8 Direct-Offset Operands 104

4.1.9 Example Program（Moves） 105

4.1.10 Section Review 106

4.2 Addition and Subtraction 107

4.2.1 INC and DEC Instructions 107

4.2.3 SUB Instruction 108

4.2.2 ADD Instruction 108

4.2.4 NEG Instruction 109

4.2.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions 109

4.2.6 Flags Affected by Arithmetic 110

4.2.6.1 Zero and Sign Flags 110

4.2.6.2 Carry Flag（unsigned arithmetic） 110

4.2.6.3 Overflow Flag（signed arithmetic） 111

4.2.7 Example Program（AddSub3） 113

4.2.8 Section Review 114

4.3 Data-Related Operators and Directives 115

4.3.1 OFFSET Operator 115

4.3.1.1 OFFSET Example 115

4.3.2 ALIGN Directive 116

4.3.3 PTR Operator 117

4.3.4 TYPE Operator 118

4.3.5 LENGTHOF Operator 118

4.3.6 SIZEOF Operator 119

4.3.7 LABEL Directive 119

4.3.8 Section Review 120

4.4 Indirect Addressing 120

4.4.1 Indirect Operands 121

4.4.2 Arrays 122

4.4.3 Indexed Operands 123

4.4.4 Pointers 124

4.4.4.1 Using the TYPDEF Operator 125

4.4.5 Section Review 126

4.5 JMP and LOOP Instructions 127

4.5.1 JMP Instruction 127

4.5 2 LOOP Instruction 128

4.5.3 Summing an Integer Array 129

4.5.4 Copying a String 130

4.5.5 Section Review 131

4.6 Chapter Summary 132

4.7 Programming Exercises 133

5 Procedures 137

5.1 Introduction 137

5.2 Linking to an External Library 138

5.2.1 Background Information 138

5.2.2 Section Review 139

5.3 The Book's Link Library 140

5.3.1 Overview 140

5.3.2 Individual Procedure Descriptions 141

5.3.2.1 The Irvine32.inc Include File 147

5 3.3 Library Test Program 148

5.3.4 Section Review 152

5.4 Stack Operations 153

5.4.1 Runtime Stack 153

5.4.1.1 Push Operation 154

5.4.1.2 Pop Operation 155

5.4.1.3 Stack Applications 155

5.4.2.2 POP Instruction 156

5.4.2.3 PUSHFD and POPFD Instructions 156

5.4.2 PUSH and POP Instructions 156

5.4.2.1 PUSH Instruction 156

5.4.2.4 PUSHAD,PUSHA,POPAD,and POPA 157

5.4.2.5 Example:Reversing a String 157

5.4.3 Section Review 158

5.5 Defining and Using Procedures 159

5.5.1 PROC Directive 159

5.5.1.1 Defining a Procedure 159

5.5.1.2 Example:Sum of Three Integers 160

Documenting Procedures 160

5.5.2 CALL and RET Instructions 161

5.5.2.1 Call and Retum Example 161

5.5.2.2 Nested Procedure Calls 162

5.5.2.3 Local Labels and Global Labels 163

5.5.2.4 Passing Register Arguments to Procedures 164

5.5.3 Example：Summing an Integer Array 164

5.5.4 Flowcharts 165

5.5.5 Saving and Restoring Registers 166

5.5.5.1 USES Operator 166

5.5.6 Section Review 168

5.6 Program Design Using Procedures 169

5.6.1 Integer Summation Program（Design） 170

5.6.1.1 Integer Summation Implementation 172

5.7 Chapter Summary 175

5.6.2 Section Review 175

5.8 Programming Exercises 176

6 Conditional Processing 179

6.1 Introduction 180

6.2 Boolean and Comparison Instructions 180

6.2.1 The CPU Flags 181

6.2.2 AND Instruction 181

6.2.2.1 Converting Characters to Upper Case 182

6.2.3 OR Instruction 183

6.2.4 XOR Instruction 184

6.2.6 TEST Instruction 186

6.2.5 NOT Instruction 186

6.2.7 CMP Instruction 186

6.2.8 Setting and Clearing Individual CPU Flags 188

6.2.9 Section Review 188

6.3 Conditional Jumps 189

6.3.1 Conditional Structures 189

6.3.2 Jcond Instruction 190

6.3.3 Types of Conditional Jump Instructions 191

6.3 3.1 Equality Comparisons 192

6.3.3.2 Unsigned Comparisons 192

6.3.3.3 Signed Comparisons 192

6.3.4.1 Testing Status Bits 193

6.3.4 Conditional Jump Applications 193

6.3.4.2 Application：Scanning an Array 194

6.3.4.3 Application：String Encryption 195

6.3.5 Bit Testing Instructions（Optional） 198

6.3.5.1 BT Instruction 198

6.3.5.2 BTC Instruction 199

6.3.5.3 BTR Instruction 199

6.3.5.4 BTS Instruction 199

6.4 Conditional Loop Instructions 200

6.3.6 Section Review 200

6.4.1 LOOPZ and LOoPE Instructions 200

6.4.2 LOOPNZ and LOOPNE Instructions 201

6.5.1 Block-Structured IF Statements 202

6.4.3 Section Review 202

6.5 Conditional Structures 202

6.5.2 Compound Expressions 204

6.5.2.1 Logical AND Operator 204

6.5.2.2 Logical OR Operator 205

6.5.3 WHILE Loops 205

6.5.3.1 Example：IF statement Nested in a Loop 206

6.5.4 Table-Driven Selection 208

6.5.5 Section Review 210

6.6 Application：Finite-State Machines 211

6.6.1 Validating an Input String 212

6.6.2 Validating a Signed Integer 213

6.6.3 Section Review 216

6.7 Using the.IF Directive（Optional） 217

6.7.1 Signed and Unsigned Comparisons 219

6.7.2 Compound Expressions 220

6.7.2.1 SetCursorPosition Example 220

6.7.2.2 College Registration Example 221

6 7.3 REPEAT and.WHILE Directives 222

6.7.3.1 Example：Loop Containing an IF Statement 222

6.8 Chapter Summary 223

6.9 Programming Exercises 224

7 Integer Arithmetic 227

7.2 Shift and Rotate Instructions 228

7.1 Introduction 228

7.2.2 SHL Instruction 229

7.2.1 Logical Shifts versus Arithmetic Shifts 229

7.2.3 SHR Instruction 230

7.2.4 SAL and SAR Instructions 231

7.2.5 ROL Instruction 231

7.2.6 ROR Instruction 232

7.2.7 RCL and RCR Instructions 232

7.2.8 SHLD/SHRD Instructions 233

7.2.9 Section Review 235

7.3 Shift and Rotate Applications 236

7.3.1 Shifting Multiple Doublewords 236

7.3.2 Binary Multiplication 237

7.3.3 Displaying Binary Bits 237

7.3.4 Isolating a Bit String 238

7.3.5 Section Review 239

7.4 Multiplication and Division Instructions 239

7.4.1 MUL Instruction 240

7.4.2 IMUL Instruction 241

7.4.3 DIV Instruction 242

7.4.4.1 CBW,CWD,CDQ Instructions 243

7.4.4 Signed Integer Division 243

7.4.4.2 The IDIV Instruction 243

7.4.4.3 Divide Overflow 244

7.4.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions 245

7.4.6 Section Review 247

7.5 Extended Addition and Subtraction 248

7.5.1 ADC Instruction 248

7.5.2 Extended Addition Example 249

7.5.4 Section Review 250

7.5.3 SBB Instruction 250

7.6 ASCll and Packed Decimal Arithmetic（Optlonal） 251

7.6.1 AAA Instruction 252

7.6.2 AAS Instruction 253

7.6.3 AAM Instruction 253

7.6.4 AAD Instruction 253

7.6.5.1 DAA Instruction 254

7.6.5 Packed Decimal Integers 254

7.6.5.2 DAS Instruction 254

7.7 Chapter Summary 255

7.8 Programming Exercises 256

8 Advanced Procedures 259

8.1 Introduction 259

8.2 Local Variables 260

8.2.1 LOCAL Directive 261

8.3 Stack Parameters 263

8.2.2 Section Review 263

8.3.1 INVOKE Directive 264

8.3.1.1 DDR Operator 265

8.3.2 PROC Directive 266

8.3.2.1 Examples 267

8.3.3 PROTO Directive 268

8.3.4 Passing by Value or by Reference 269

8.3.3.1 ArraySum Example 269

8.3.6 Example:Exchanging Two Integers 271

8.3.5 Parameter Classifications 271

8.3.7 Trouble-Shooting Tips 272

8.3.7.1 Saving and Restoring Registers 272

8.3.7.2 Wrong Operand Sizes 273

8.3.7.4 Passing Immediate Values 274

8.3.8 Section Review 274

8.3.7.3 Passing the Wrong Type of Pointer 274

8.4 Stack Frames 275

8.4.1 Memory Models 276

8.4.2 Language Specifiers 277

8.4.2.1 STDCALL Specifier 277

8.4.2.2 C Specifier 278

8.4.2.3 PASCAL Specifier 278

8.4.3 Explicit Access to Stack Parameters 278

8.4.4 Passing Arguments by Reference 280

8.4.2.1 Saving and Restoring Registers 280

8.4.4.1 ArrayFill Example 281

8.4.4.2 LEA Instruction 282

8.4.5 Creating Local Variables 282

8.4.6 ENTER and LEAVE Instructions（Optional） 283

8.5 Recursion 285

8.4.7 Section Review 285

8.5.1 Recursively Calculating a Sum 286

8.5.2 Calculating a Factorial 288

8.6 Creating Multimodule Programs 290

8.5.3 Section Review 290

8.6.1 Example:ArraySum Program 291

8.6.1.1 Include File:Function Prototypes 292

8.6.1.2 Main Module 292

8.6.1.3 PromptForIntegers Module 293

8.6.1.4 ArraySum Module 294

8.6.1.5 DisplaySum Module 295

8.6.1.6 Batch File for Assembling and Linking 295

8.6.2 Section Review 296

8.7 Chapter Summary 296

8.8 Programming Exercises 298

9 Strings and Arrays 301

9.1 Introduction 301

9.2 String Primitive Instructions 302

9.2.1 MOVSB,MOVSW,and MOVSD 304

9.2.2 CMPSB,CMPSW,and CMPSD 304

9.2.2.1 Example:Comparing Two Strings 306

9.2.3 SCASB,SCASW,and SCASD 307

9.2.4 STOSB,STOSW,and STOSD 308

9.2.5 LODSB,LODSW,and LODSD 308

9.2.6 Section Review 309

9.3 Selected String Procedures 309

9.3.1 Str_compare Procedure 310

9.3.2 Str_length Procedure 311

9.3.3 Str_copy Procedure 311

9.3.4 Str_trim Procedure 312

9.3.5 Str_ucase Procedure 314

9.3.6 Section Review 315

9.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 315

9.4.1 Base-Index Operands 315

9.4.2 Base-Index Displacement 317

9.4.3 Section Review 318

9.5 Searching and Sorting Integer Arrays 318

9.5.1 Bubble Sort 319

9.5.2 Binary Search 321

9.5.2.1 Test Program 324

9.5.3 Section Review 328

9.6 Chapter Summary 328

9.7 Programming Exercises 330

10 Structures and Macros 333

10.1 Structures 334

10.1.1 Defining Structures 334

10.1.2 Declaring Structure Variables 335

10.1.3 Referencing Structure Variables 336

10.1.4 Example:Displaying the System Time 338

10.1.5 Nested Structures 340

10.1.6 Example:Drunkard's Walk 341

10.1.7 Declaring and Using Unions 344

10.1.8 Section Review 346

10.2 Macros 347

10.2.1 Overview 347

10.2.2 Defining Macros 348

10.2.3 Invoking Macros 349

10.2.4 Macro Examples 350

10.2.4.1 mWriteStr Macro 351

10.2.4.2 mReadStr Macro 352

10.2.4.3 mGotoxy Macro 352

10.2.4.4 mDumpMem Macro 353

10.2.4.5 Macros Containing Code and Data 354

10.2.5 Nested Macros 355

10.2.6 Example Program:Wrappers 356

10.2.7 Section Review 357

10.3 Conditional-Assembly Directives 358

10.3.1 Checking for Missing Arguments 359

10.3.2 Default Argument Initializers 360

10.3.3 Boolean Expressions 360

10.3.4 IF,ELSE,and ENDIF Directives 361

10.3.5 The IFIDN and IFIDNI Directives 362

10.3.6 SpecialOperators 363

10.3.6.1 Substitution Operator（ ） 363

10.3.6.2 Expansion Operator（%） 364

10.3.6.3 Literal-Text Operator（<>） 366

10.3.6.4 Literal-Character Operator （!） 366

10.3.7 Macro Functions 367

10.3.8 Section Review 369

10.4 Defining Repeat Blocks 370

10.4.1 WHILE Directive 370

10.4.2 REPEAT Directive 371

10.4.3 FOR Directive 371

10.4.4 FORC Directive 372

10.4.5 Example:Linked List 373

10.5 Chapter Summary 375

10.4.6 Section Review 375

10.6 Programming Exercises 376

11 32-Bit Windows Programming 379

11.1 Win32 Console Programming 379

11.1.1 Background Information 381

11.1.1.1 Windows DataTypes 382

11.1.1.2 Console Handles 383

11.1.2 Win32 Console Functions 384

11.1.3 Console Input 386

11.1.3.1 ReadConsole Function 387

11.1.3.2 Single-Character Input 388

11.1.4 Console Output 389

11.1.4.3 Example Program:Console1 390

11.1.4.1 Data Structures 390

11.1.4.2 WriteConsole Function 390

11.1.4.4 WriteConsoleOutputCharacter Function 391

11.1.5.1 CreateFile Function 392

11.1.5 Reading and Writing Files 392

11.1.5.4 WriteFile Function 395

11.1.5.3 ReadFile Function 395

11.1.5.2 CloseHandle Function 395

11.1.5.5 Example WriteFile Program 396

11.1.5.6 Moving the File Pointer 397

11.1.5.7 Example ReadFile Program 397

11.1.6 Console Window Manipulation 398

11.1.6.2 GetConsoleScreenBufferlnfo 399

11.1.6.1 SetConsoleTitle 399

11.1.6.3 SetConsoleWindowlnfo Function 400

11.1.6.4 SetConsoleScreenBufferSize Function 402

11.1.7 Controlling the Cursor 402

11.1.7.1 GetConsoleCursorlnfo Function 402

11.1.7.2 SetConsoleCursorlnfo Function 402

11.1.7.3 SetConsoleCursorPosition 403

11.1.8.1 SetConsoleTextAttribute Function 403

11.1.8 Controlling the Text Color 403

11.1.8.2 WriteConsoleOutputAttribute Function 403

11.1.8.3 Example WriteColors Program 403

11.1.9 Time and Date Functions 405

11.1.9.1 GetLocalTime and SetLocalTime 406

11.1.9.3 Sleep Function 407

11.1.9.2 GetTickCount Function 407

11.1.9.4 GetDateTime Procedure 408

11.1.9.5 Creating a Stopwatch Timer 409

11.1.10 Section Review 410

11.2 Writing a Graphical Windows Application 411

11.2.1 Necessary Structures 412

11.2.2 The MessageBox Function 413

11.2.3 The WinMain Procedure 414

11.2.4 The WinProc Procedure 414

11.2.5 The ErrorHandler Procedure 415

11.2.6 Program Listing 416

11.2.6.1 Running the Program 419

11.2.7 Section Review 420

11.3.1 Linear Addresses 421

11.3.1.1 Translating Logical Addresses to Linear Addresses 421

11.3 IA-32 Memory Management 421

11.3.1.2 Paging 423

11.3.1.3 Descriptor Tables 424

11.3.2 Page Translation 425

11.3.1.4 Segment Descriptor Details 425

11.3.2.1 MS-Windows Virtual Machine Manager 426

11.3.3 Section Review 427

11.4 Chapter Summary 428

11.5 Programming Exercises 429

12.1 Introduction 431

12.1.1 General Conventions 431

12 High-Level Language Interface 431

12.2.1 _asm Directive in Microsoft Visual C++ 433

12.1.2 Section Review 433

12.2 Inline Assembly Code 433

12.2.1.1 Using the LENGTH,TYPE,and SIZE Operators 435

12.2.2 File Encryption Example 436

12.2.2.1 Procedure Call Overhead 437

12.2.3 Section Review 439

12.3 Linking to C++ Programs 439

12.3.1 Linking to Borland C++ 440

12.3.2 ReadSector Example 441

12.3.2.1 Main C++ Program That Calls ReadSector 442

12.3.2.2 Assembly Language Module 444

12.3.3 Example：Large Random Integers 446

12.3.4 Using Assembly Language to Optimize C++ Code 448

12.3.4.1 FindArray Code Generated by Visual C++ 449

12.3.4.2 Linking MASM to Visual C++ 450

12.3.5 Section Review 454

12.4 Chapter Summary 455

12.5 Programming Exercises 456

13 16-Bit MS-DOS Programming 457

13.1 MS-DOS and the IBM-PC 457

13.1.1 Memory Organization 458

13.1.2 Redirecting Input-Output 460

13.1.3 Software Interrupts 461

13.1.4 INT Instruction 461

13.1.4.1 Interrupt Vectoring 461

13.1.4.2 Common Interrupts 462

13.1.5 Section Review 462

13.2 MS-DOS Function Calls（INT 21h） 463

13.2.1 Selected Output Functions 464

13.2.2 Hello World Program Example 467

13.2.3 Selected Input Functions 467

13.2.3.1 Example:String Encryption Program 469

13.2.3.2 Int 21h Function 3Fh 470

13.2.4 Date/Time Functions 472

13.2.4.1 Example:Displaying the Time and Date 474

13.3 Standsrd MS-DOS File I/O Services 476

13.2.5 Section Review 476

13.3.0.1 Create or Open File（716Ch） 478

13.3.1 Close File Handle（3Eh） 479

13.3.2 Move File Pointer（42h） 480

13.3.2.1 Get File Creation Date and Time 481

13.3.3 Selected Library Procedures 481

13.3.3.2 WriteString 482

13.3.3.1 ReadString 482

13.3.4 Example:Read and Copy a Text File 483

13.3.5 Reading the MS-DOS Command Tail 485

13.3.6 Example:Creating a Binary File 487

13.3.7 Section Review 490

13.4 Chapter Summary 491

13.5 Chapter Exercises 492

14.1 Disk Storage Systems 495

14 Disk Fundamentals 495

14.1.1 Tracks,Cylinders,and Sectors 496

14.1.2 Disk Partitions（Volumes） 498

14.1.3 Section Review 499

14.2 File Systems 500

14.2.1 FAT12 501

14.2.2 FAT16 501

14.2.3 FAT32 501

14.2.4 NTFS 502

14.2.5 Primary Disk Areas 503

14.2.6 Section Review 504

14.3 Disk Directory 505

14.3.1 MS-DOS Directory Structure 505

14.3.2 Long Filenames in MS-Windows 508

14.3.3 File Allocation Table（FAT） 510

14.3.4 Section Review 511

14.4 Reading and Writing Disk Sectors（7305h） 511

14.4.1 Sector Display Program 513

14.4.2 Section Review 517

14.5 System-Level File Functions 517

14.5.1 Get Disk Free Space（7303h） 518

14.5.1.1 Disk Free Space Program 519

14.5.3 Remove Subdirectory（3Ah） 521

14.5.2 Create Subdirectory （39h） 521

14.5.6 Section Review 522

14.5.5 Get Current Directory（47h） 522

14.5.4 Set Current Directory（3Bh） 522

14.6 Chapter Summary 523

14.7 Programming Exercises 524

15.1 Introduction 527

15 BIOS-Level Programming 527

15.1.1 BIOS Data Area 528

15.2 Keyboard Input with INT 16h 529

15.2.1 How the Keyboard Works 530

15.2.2.1 Set Typematic Rate（03h） 531

15.2.2 INT 16h Functions 531

15.2.2.2 Push Key into Keyboard Buffer（05h） 531

15.2.2.3 Wait for Key（10h） 532

15.2.2 4 Check Keyboard Buffer（11h） 533

15.2.2.5 Get Keyboard Flags 534

15.2.2.6 Clearing the Keyboard Buffer 535

15.2.3 Section Review 537

15.3.1 Basic Background 537

15.3.1.1 Three Levels of Access 537

15.3 VIDEO Programming with INT 10h 537

15.3.1.2 Running Programs in Full-Screen Mode 538

15.3.1.3 Understanding Video Text 538

15.3.2 Controlling the Color 539

15.3.2.1 Mixing Primary Colors 539

15.3.2.2 Attribute Byte 540

15.3.3 INT 10h Video Functions 541

15.3.3.1 Set Video Mode（00h） 542

15.3.3.2 15.3.3.Set Cursor Lines（01h） 543

15.3.3.3 Set Cursor Position（02h） 544

15.3.3.4 Get Cursor Position and Size（03h） 544

15.3.3.5 Scroll Window Up （06h） 546

15.3.3.6 Example:Writing Text to a Window 547

15.3.3.9 Write Character and Attribute（09h） 548

15.3.3.8 Read Character and Attribute（08h） 548

15.3.3.7 Scroll Window Down（07h） 548

15.3.3.10 Write Character（0Ah） 549

15.3.3.11 Toggle Blinking and Intensity Modes 550

15.3.3.12 Get Video Mode Information（0Fh） 550

15.3.3.13 Write String in Teletype Mode（13h） 551

15.3.3.14 Example:Displaying a Color String 552

15.3.4.2 Clrscr Procedure 554

15.3.4 Library Procedure Examples 554

15.3.4.1 Gotoxy Procedure 554

15.3.5 Section Review 555

15.4 Drawing Graphics Using INT 10h 555

15.4.1.1 Write Graphics Pixel（0Ch） 556

15.4.1 INT 10h Pixel-Related Functions 556

15.4.1.2 Read Graphics Pixel（0Dh） 557

15.4.2 DrawLine Program 557

15.4.3 Cartesian Coordinates Program 559

15.4.4 Converting Cartesian Coordinates to Screen Coordinates 562

15.5 Memory-Mapped Graphics 563

15.5.1 Mode 13h:320X200,256 Colors 563

15.4.5 Section Review 563

15.5.2 Memory-Mapped Graphics Program 565

15.6.1.1 Reset Mouse and Get Status 568

15.6.1 Mouse INT 33h Functions 568

15.6 Mouse Programming 568

15.5.3 Section Review 568

15.6.1.2 Showing and Hiding the Mouse Pointer 569

15.6.1.3 Get Mouse Position and Status 570

15.6.1.5 Get Button Presses and Releases 571

15.6.1.4 Set Mouse Position 571

15.6.1.7 Miscellaneous Mouse Functions 573

15.6.1.6 Setting Horizontal and Vertical Limits 573

15.6.2 Mouse Tracking Program 574

15.6.3 Section Review 579

15.8 Chapter Exercises 580

15.7 Chapter Summary 580

16 Expert MS-DOS Programming 583

16.1 Introduction 583

16.2 Defining Segments 584

16.2.1 Simplified Segment Directives 584

16.2.2 Explicit Segment Definitions 586

16.2.2.1 Align Type 587

16.2.2.2 Combine Type 587

16.2.2.3 Class Type 588

16.2.2.5 Example:Multiple Data Segments 588

16.2.2.4 ASSUME Directive 588

16.2.3 Segment Overrides 589

16.2.4 Combining Segments 590

16.3 Runtime Program Structure 592

16.2.5 Section Review 592

16.3.1 COM Programs 593

16.3.2.1 Memory Usage 595

16.3.2 EXE Programs 595

16.3.2.2 EXE Header 596

16.3.3 Section Review 597

16.4 Interrupt Handling 597

16.4.1 Hardware Interrupts 599

16.4.2 Interrupt Control Instructions 600

16.4.3 Writing a Custom Interrupt Handler 601

16.4.3.1 Ctrl-Break Handler Example 602

16.4.4.1 Keyboard Example 604

16.4.4 Terminate and Stay Resident Programs 604

16.4.5 Application:The No_Reset Program 605

Chapter 17 is an additional chapter provided as a PDF file on the CD-ROM accompanying this book. 609

16.5 Chapter Summary 609

16.4.6 Section Review 609

Appendix A:Installing and Using the Assembler 611

Appendix B:The IntelInstruction Set 617

Appendix C:BIOS and MS-DOS Interrupts 649

Appendix D:MASM Reference 661