CONTENTSAcKNOWLEDGEMENTSPreface to the third edition 1
Introduction 11
1 Central issues 21
Language and culture 21
Types oftranslation 22
Decoding and recoding 23
Problems ofequivalence 30
Lossandgain 36
Untranslatability 37
Science or'secondary activity'？ 43
2 History oftranslation theory 45
Problems of'period study' 46
The Romans 48
Bible translation 51
Education and the vernacular 55
Early theorists 58
The Renaissance 60
The seventeenth century 62
The eighteenth century 65
Romanticism 67
Post-Romanticism 70
The Victorians 71
Archaizing 74
Thetwentieth century 75
Structures 79
3 Specific problems of literary translation 79
Poetry and translation 83
Translating prose 110
Translatingdramatictexts 119
Conclusion 132
NOTES 135
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 146
APPENDIX：TH E ORIGINAL TEXT OF THE SEAFARER 165
INDEX 169