Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of the Research 4
1.2 Definition of Translation Policy 5
1.2.1 Toury's Norm Theory and Translation Policy 5
1.2.2 Hermans'Norm Theory 7
1.2.3 Definition of Translation Policy in This Book 9
1.3 Scope of the Research 13
1.4 Description of Primary Methodology 16
1.5 General Layout of the Book 19
Chapter Two Rationale and Theoretical Framework 22
2.1 Theoretical Background 22
2.1.1 Habermas's Communicative Theory 23
2.1.2 Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory 31
2.1.3 Descriptive Translation Studies 34
2.1.4 Lefevere's Rewriting Theory 37
2.1.5 Vermeer's Skopos Theory 42
2.2 The Re-location of Translation Policy Research in Translation Studies 45
2.2.1 The Realistic Existence of Translation Policy 45
2.2.2 Previous Research on Translation Policy 49
2.2.3 Translation Policy and Its Position in Holmes'"Map" 51
2.2.4 The Re-location of Translation Policy Research 56
Chapter Three Translating Activities in Cultural Transition Periods 59
3.1 1919—1949 61
3.1.1 Translation in the May 4th Period 62
3.1.2 The Anti-Japanese War and the Civil War Period 69
3.2 Translation since 1976 73
3.2.1 The New Literature and Art Policy 73
3.2.2 A Series of Regulating Measures 77
3.2.3 Progresses in the New Era 80
3.3 Summary 81
Chapter Four Chinese Translating Activities in Cultural Stabilized Periods 83
4.1 1949—1966 84
4.1.1 Organization and Plan of Translation Work by the State 84
4.1.2 The Politics-oriented Translation Policy 102
4.1.3 Summary 124
4.2 The"Cultural Revolution"Period(1966—1976) 126
4.2.1 Translating and Publishing of Foreign History Books 128
4.2.2 Translating and Publishing of Foreign Geography Books 129
4.2.3 The"Task Group of Translators" in Shanghai 130
4.2.4 "White-Covers"and Zhaiyi 133
4.2.5 The Translation of UN Documents 136
4.3 The Translator Restricted by Politics 139
4.4 Translator's Subjectivity despite Political Constraints 142
Chapter Five The Functions of Translating Institutions in Policy Implementation 150
5.1 Central Compilation＆Translation Bureau 151
5.2 Publishing Houses 153
5.3 Political Priority over Profit Priority 157
5.3.1 The Translation of Marxist Works 159
5.3.2 The Translation of Works from Other Socialist Countries since 1949 166
Chapter Six Some Tentative Suggestions for Reference 172
6.1 Major Problems in the Translation Market 173
6.2 Some Policy Suggestions for Reference 176
6.2.1 Establishing More Translation-related Policies and Legal Systems 177
6.2.2 More Policy-related Preferences 182
Chapter Seven Conclusion 186
Appendix 191
References 193
Acknowledgements 207