Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Air and Oxygen 7
1.1 Air 8
1.2 Properties and Uses of Oxygen 13
1.3 Methods for Oxygen Preparation 20
1.4 Combustion and Slow Oxidation 24
Chapter Summary 30
Chapter 2 Molecules and Atoms 34
2.1 Molecules 34
2.2 Atoms 40
2.3 Elements and Symbols of Elements 48
2.4 Chemical Formula and Relative Molecular Mass 54
Chapter Summary 59
Chapter 3 Water and Hydrogen 62
3.1 Water Being the Precious Natural Resource for Human Beings 63
3.2 Composition of Water 67
3.3 Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen 69
3.4 Properties and Uses of Hydrogen 74
3.5 Preliminary Study on Atomic Electron Configurations 81
3.6 Chemical Valency 87
Chapter Summary 93
Chapter 4 Chemical Equation 97
4.1 The Law of Conservation of Mass 97
4.2 Chemical Equations 99
4.3 Calculations Based on Chemical Equations 103
Chapter Summary 106
Chapter 5 Carbon and Carbon Compounds 109
5.1 Some Elementary Forms of Carbon 110
5.2 Chemical Properties of Elementary Carbon 115
5.3 Properties of Carbon Dioxide 119
5.4 Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide 128
5.5 Carbon Monoxide 133
5.6 Methane 139
5.7 Ethanol and Acetic Acid 148
5.8 Coal and Petroleum 153
Chapter Summary 158
Chapter 6 Iron 164
6.1 Properties of Iron 166
6.2 Some Common Metals 171
Chapter Summary 179
Chapter 7 Solutions 182
7.1 Solutions 183
7.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions 188
7.3 Solubility 191
7.4 Filtration and Crystallization 196
7.5 Expression Methods of Solution Composition 199
Chapter Summary 204
Chapter 8 Acids,Bases,and Salts 208
8.1 Electric Conductivities of Acid,Base,and Salt Solutions 208
8.2 Some Common Acids 215
8.3 General Characteristics of Acids and pH 225
8.4 Common Bases and Their General Properties 231
8.5 Common Salts 237
8.6 Chemical Fertilizers 248
Chapter Summary 256
General Review Exercises 260
Student Experiment 270
Requirements of Student Experiment 270
Introduction of Common Apparatuses in the Chemistry Experiment at Junior High School 272
Basic Operations of Chemistry Experiment 274
Experiment 1 Behaviors of a Chemical Changes 285
Experiment 2 Movement of Molecules 287
Experiment 3 Purification of Crude Salt 288
Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Oxygen 291
Experiment 5 Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen 295
Experiment 6 Preparation and Properties of Carbon Dioxide 297
Experiment 7 Preparation of a Solution of a Given Mass Percentage of a Solute 299
Experiment 8 Properties of Acids 300
Experiment 9 Properties of Bases and Salts 303
Experiment 10 Study Questions of Laboratory 306
Optional Experiment 1 Recycling of Manganese Dioxide from the Remains of the Reaction of Potassium Chlorate to Make Oxygen 307
Optional Experiment 2 Absorption Capability of Charcoal or Activated Carbon 308
Optional Experiment 3 Determination of Acidity-Basicity of a Water Sample and Soil a Sample 309
Optional Experiment 4 Preparation of Crystals 310
Optional Experiment 5 Determination of the Solubility of KNO3 at Different Temperatures 312
Optional Experiment 6 Electric Conductivity of a Solution 314
Optional Experiment 7 Identification of Some Salts 315
Optional Experiment 8 Simple Identification of Some Common Organic Compounds 316
Optional Experiment 9 Preparation of Zinc Sulfate Crystals from the Zinc Skin of Used Dry Cells 317
Optional Experiment 10 Self Preparation of Acid-base Indicators 318
Optional Experiment 11 Fun Experiments 319
Optional Experiment 12 Complementary Experiments for Local Textbooks 321
Appendix Ⅰ Some Terms in the Book with Chinese Translation 322
Appendix Ⅱ Table of Relative Atomic Mass 325
Appendix Ⅲ Table of Solubility of Some Acids,Bases,and Salts(20 ℃) 326
Periodic Table of the Elements 327