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Introduction 1

Chapter 1　Air and Oxygen 7

1.1 Air 8

1.2 Properties and Uses of Oxygen 13

1.3 Methods for Oxygen Preparation 20

1.4 Combustion and Slow Oxidation 24

Chapter Summary 30

Chapter 2 Molecules and Atoms 34

2.1 Molecules 34

2.2 Atoms 40

2.3 Elements and Symbols of Elements 48

2.4 Chemical Formula and Relative Molecular Mass 54

Chapter Summary 59

Chapter 3 Water and Hydrogen 62

3.1 Water Being the Precious Natural Resource for Human Beings 63

3.2 Composition of Water 67

3.3 Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen 69

3.4 Properties and Uses of Hydrogen 74

3.5 Preliminary Study on Atomic Electron Configurations 81

3.6 Chemical Valency 87

Chapter Summary 93

Chapter 4 Chemical Equation 97

4.1 The Law of Conservation of Mass 97

4.2 Chemical Equations 99

4.3 Calculations Based on Chemical Equations 103

Chapter Summary 106

Chapter 5 Carbon and Carbon Compounds 109

5.1 Some Elementary Forms of Carbon 110

5.2 Chemical Properties of Elementary Carbon 115

5.3 Properties of Carbon Dioxide 119

5.4 Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide 128

5.5 Carbon Monoxide 133

5.6 Methane 139

5.7 Ethanol and Acetic Acid 148

5.8 Coal and Petroleum 153

Chapter Summary 158

Chapter 6 Iron 164

6.1 Properties of Iron 166

6.2 Some Common Metals 171

Chapter Summary 179

Chapter 7 Solutions 182

7.1 Solutions 183

7.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions 188

7.3 Solubility 191

7.4 Filtration and Crystallization 196

7.5 Expression Methods of Solution Composition 199

Chapter Summary 204

Chapter 8 Acids,Bases,and Salts 208

8.1 Electric Conductivities of Acid,Base,and Salt Solutions 208

8.2 Some Common Acids 215

8.3 General Characteristics of Acids and pH 225

8.4 Common Bases and Their General Properties 231

8.5 Common Salts 237

8.6 Chemical Fertilizers 248

Chapter Summary 256

General Review Exercises 260

Student Experiment 270

Requirements of Student Experiment 270

Introduction of Common Apparatuses in the Chemistry Experiment at Junior High School 272

Basic Operations of Chemistry Experiment 274

Experiment 1 Behaviors of a Chemical Changes 285

Experiment 2 Movement of Molecules 287

Experiment 3 Purification of Crude Salt 288

Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Oxygen 291

Experiment 5 Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen 295

Experiment 6 Preparation and Properties of Carbon Dioxide 297

Experiment 7 Preparation of a Solution of a Given Mass Percentage of a Solute 299

Experiment 8 Properties of Acids 300

Experiment 9 Properties of Bases and Salts 303

Experiment 10 Study Questions of Laboratory 306

Optional Experiment 1 Recycling of Manganese Dioxide from the Remains of the Reaction of Potassium Chlorate to Make Oxygen 307

Optional Experiment 2 Absorption Capability of Charcoal or Activated Carbon 308

Optional Experiment 3 Determination of Acidity-Basicity of a Water Sample and Soil a Sample 309

Optional Experiment 4 Preparation of Crystals 310

Optional Experiment 5 Determination of the Solubility of KNO3 at Different Temperatures 312

Optional Experiment 6 Electric Conductivity of a Solution 314

Optional Experiment 7 Identification of Some Salts 315

Optional Experiment 8 Simple Identification of Some Common Organic Compounds 316

Optional Experiment 9 Preparation of Zinc Sulfate Crystals from the Zinc Skin of Used Dry Cells 317

Optional Experiment 10 Self Preparation of Acid-base Indicators 318

Optional Experiment 11 Fun Experiments 319

Optional Experiment 12 Complementary Experiments for Local Textbooks 321

Appendix Ⅰ Some Terms in the Book with Chinese Translation 322

Appendix Ⅱ Table of Relative Atomic Mass 325

Appendix Ⅲ Table of Solubility of Some Acids,Bases,and Salts(20 ℃) 326

Periodic Table of the Elements 327