Part One General Considerations 1
Ⅰ．Fundamental Principles of Haematology 1
1．Terminology 1
2．Classification of the blood cells into groups,species and stages of development 3
Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species 4
Classification of the Species into stages of development 4
A) The System of the normocytes 4
B) The System of the megalocytes 4
C) The system of the basophils with soluble granulation (blood basophils) 5
D) The system of the eosinophils 5
E) The system of the neutrophils 5
F) The system of the monocytes 5
G) The system of the lymphocytes 5
H) The system of the plasma cells 5
I) The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets 5
3．Origin of the blood cells 5
4．The blood corpuscles under normal conditions 6
a) Reproduction and maturation 6
b) Functions 10
c) Destruction 10
d) Artefacts 11
5．The blood corpuscles under abnormal conditions 11
a) Hereditary familial anomalies of the blood corpuscles 12
b) Reactive (secondary) changes 12
c) ＂Primary＂changes 14
d) Disturbances in reproduction 15
e) Disturbances in maturation and in the entrance of blood cells into the circulation 16
f) Disturbances connected with the destruction of the blood cells 17
6．Cellular elements occurring in bone marrow films and not belonging to the haemopoietic systems 18
a) Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow 18
b) Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow 19
7．Polyploidy of the blood cells 21
a) Terminology 21
b) Polyploidy under normal conditions 22
c) Polyploidy under pathological conditions;atypical mitoses and unclear anomalies 22
Ⅱ．The Technique of Blood and Bone Marrow Examination 25
1．Technique of making blood films on microscope slides 25
2．Staining of blood and bone marrow films 26
Ⅲ．Forms for Recording the Results of Blood and Bone Marrow Examinations 32
Notes on the use of the forms 32
Blood picture form 33
Bone marrow,simple form 34
Bone marrow,detailed form 35
Ⅳ．Normal Values obtained on Blood and Bone Marrow Examination 36
1．Determination of general,physical and chemical properties 36
2．Haemoglobin 37
3．Corpuscular elements 38
4．Relative bone marrow picture (haemomyelogram) 39
5．Chemical constituents 40
Part Two Systematic Survey of the Morphology of the Blood Corpuscles 41
Ⅰ．Table for the differentiation of mature leucocytes 41
Ⅱ．Tables for the differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles 42
Ⅲ．The erythrocytes 43
1．Classification of the erythrocytes 43
2．The system of the normocytes 44
Stages of development of the normocytes 44
Nucleoli 45
Mitosis 45
3．The system of the megalocytes 45
Stages of development of the megalocytes 45
Nucleoli 45
Mitosis 45
4．The erythrocytes under abnormal conditions 45
Pernicious anaemia 45
Hereditary anomalies of the normocytes 46
Secondary changes in erythrocytes;artefacts 46
Ⅳ．The leucocytes 48
1．Classification of the leucocytes 48
2．The system of the blood basophils 49
Stages of development of the blood basophils 49
Nucleoli 49
Mitosis and chromosomes 49
The basophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 49
Atypical forms of blood basophils 49
Excessive production of basophils 49
Destruction 50
Artefacts 50
Differentiation of the basophils 50
3．The system of the eosinophils 50
Stages of development of the eosinophils 50
Granulation 51
Nucleoli 51
Mitosis and chromosomes 51
The eosinophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 51
Atypical forms of eosinophils 52
Excessive production of eosinophils 52
Destruction 52
Artefacts 52
Differentiation of eosinophils 52
4．The system of the neutrophils 53
Stages of development of the neutrophils 53
Granulation 53
Nucleoli 53
Mitosis and chromosomes 53
Differentiation between segmented neutrophils and staff forms 54
The neutrophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 54
Atypical forms of neutrophils 56
production of neutrophils 56
Destruction 57
Artefacts 57
Differentiation of the neutrophils 57
Peroxidase reaction 57
Differentiation between immature neutrophils (juvenile and staff forms) and monocytes with deeply indented nuclei 57
5．The system of the monocytes 57
Stages of development of the monocytes 57
Mitosis and chromosomes 58
Polymorphism of the monocytes 58
The monocytes in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 59
Atypical forms of monocytes 59
Differentiation of the monocytes 60
Excessive production of monocytes 60
Destruction 60
Artefacts 60
6．The system of the lymphocytes 61
Stages of development of the lymphocytes 61
Mitosis and chromosomes 61
The lymphocytes on hereditary anomalies of teh blood corpuscles 61
Excessive production and diminished production of lymphocytes 62
Destruction 62
Artefacts 62
Differentiation of lymphocytes 62
Peroxidase reaction 62
7．The system of the plasma cells 62
Stages of development of the plasma cells 62
Granulation 63
Nucleoli 63
Mitosis and chromosomes 63
The plasma cells in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 63
Atypical forms of plasma cells 63
Excessive production of plasma cells 63
Destruction 64
Artefacts 64
Differentiation of plasma cells 64
Peroxidase reaction 64
Unna-Pappenheim staining 64
8．The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets 64
Stages of development of the megakaryocytes and platelets 64
Granulation 65
Mitosis and chromosomes 65
The megakaryocytes and platelets in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 65
Atypical forms of megakaryocytes and platelets 65
Excessive production and diminished production of megakaryocytes and platelets 66
Differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets 66
Destruction 66
Artefacts 67
Ⅴ．Cellular Elements found on Marrow Puncture but not belonging to the Haemopoietic Systems 68
1．Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow 68
Tissue basophils 68
Vascular cells 68
Stroma cells (fat cells) 68
Osteoblasts 68
Osteoclasts 69
2．Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow 69
Elements introduced as teh result of pathological conditions 69
Tumour cells 69
Lymphogranuloma cells 69
Elements introduced into the marrow during puncture 70
Ⅵ．Destruction of the Blood Cells 70
Ⅶ．Artefacts of Cellular Elements of the Blood and Bone Marrow 70
Ⅷ．Soiling of Blood and Bone Marrow Films 71
Ⅸ．Blood Parasites 72
Spirochaets and leptospiras 72
Malarial parasites (Plasmodia) 72
Trypanosomes 73
Leishmanias 74
Filariae 74
1．Filariae having sheathed larvae (microfilariae) 74
2．Filariae having unsheathed larvae (microfilariae) 74
Bartonellas 75
Blastomycetes 75
Part Three Illustrated Section with Explanatory Notes 76
Erythrocytes 77
Investigation of the therapeutic action of ferrous iron in iron-deficiency anaemia 8
Leucocytes 9
differentiation 9
basophils 11
eosinophils 12
neutrophils 14
monocytes 20
lymphocytes 24
plasmocytes 26
megakaryocytes and platelets 29
miscellaneous 32
Non-haemopoietic elements in the bone marrow 34
Disintegrating forms 40
Artefacts 41
Blood parasites 42
Literature 77
A．List of haematological textbooks and manuals 77
B．References to publications on cases illustrated 78
Subject Index 79
Index to Tables and Record Forms 2
Table 1 Ten genealogical table of the blood cells 2
Table 2 Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species 4
Table 3 Formation of diploid and polyploid cells 20
Table 4 Summary of the staining methods described and their applications 26
Table 5 Differentiation of blood cells by various peroxidase reactions 29
Form for recording the blood picture 33
Simple from for the bone marrow picture 34
Detailed form for the bone marrow picture 35
Table 6 Differentiation of mature normal leucocytes in panoptically stained blood films 41
Table 7 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in cell size and in cytoplasm 42
Table 8 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei 42
Table 9 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei 43
Table 10 Nuclear picture of the eosinophils 51
Table 11 Nuclear picture of the nurtrophils 54
Table 12 Nuclear picture of the neutrophils in Pelger＇s anomaly 55