part one Foundational Topics in Adapted Physical Education and Sport 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Adapted Physical Education and Sport&Joseph P.Winnick 3
Meaning of Adapted Physical Education 4
Adapted Sport 6
Planning:Purposes,Aims,Goals,and Objectives 7
Service Providers 8
Brief History of Adapted Physical Education 9
Inclusion Movement 12
Litigation 12
Laws Important to Adapted Physical Education and Sport 12
History of Adapted Sport 16
Periodicals 18
Organizations 18
Summary 19
References 19
Written Resources 20
Electronic Resources 20
Chapter 2 Program Organization and Management&Joseph P.Winnick 21
Program and Curriculum Planning 22
Administrative Areas Related to Program Organization and Management 22
Human Resources 33
General Program Evaluation 38
Summary 38
References 38
Written Resources 38
Chapter 3 Adapted Sport&Michael J.Paciorek 41
Integration Continuum 42
Adapted Interscholastic Model for Sports 45
Sport Organizations 46
Olympic and Amateur Sports Act and USOC 47
U.S.Paralympics 47
Role of National and International Governing Bodies 48
International Organizations of Sport for the Disabled 49
Paralympic Games 49
Classification 50
School and Community-Based Adapted Sport Programming 51
Regular Sport Participation 52
Transition Services 54
Role of the Physical Educator in Adapted Sport 55
What About Jeffrey Kling's Case? 56
Summary 56
References 56
Written Resources 57
Chapter 4 Measurement,Assessment,and Program Evaluation&Manny Felix and Garth Tymeson 59
Terminology 60
Standards for Assessment 60
Testing and Assessment in Adapted Physical Education 66
Test Instruments Used in Adapted Physical Education 70
Program Evaluation 75
Summary 77
References 77
Written Resources 78
Electronic Resources 78
Chapter 5 Individualized Education Programs&Manny Felix and Garth Tymeson 79
Overview of Individualized Programs 80
Students With Disabilities:The IEP Document 82
Components of the IEP 82
Development of the IEP 91
Section 504 and the Accommodation Plan 95
Students Without Disabilities Who Have Unique Needs 96
Summary 98
References 98
Written Resources 99
Electronic Resources 99
Chapter 6 Behavior Management&E.Michael Loovis 101
Applied Behavior Analysis 102
Types of Reinforcers 104
Schedules of Reinforcement 105
Procedures for Increasing Behavior 106
Procedures for Decreasing Behavior 107
Uses of Applied Behavior Analysis in Physical Education and Sport 109
Other Approaches 110
Summary 115
References 116
Written Resources 116
Audiovisual Resources 117
Electronic Resources 117
Chapter 7 Instructional Strategies for Adapted Physical Education&Douglas H.Collier 119
Philosophical Approaches to Adapted Physical Education and Sport 120
Systematic Teaching:How to Facilitate Motor Learning 123
Meeting Individual Differences 125
Curricular Options:What to Teach? 128
Activity Modifications 129
Teaching Style 129
Class Format 131
Discrete Trial Teaching 133
Task Analysis 137
Using Support Services 144
Prescriptive Planning and Instructional Models 144
Summary 145
References 145
Written Resources 147
Electronic Resources 147
part two Individuals With Unique Needs 149
Chapter 8 Intellectual Disabilities&Patricia L.Fegan 151
Definition,Classification,and Incidence 152
Causes of Intellectual Disabilities 154
Cognitive Development 155
Characteristics of People With Intellectual Disabilities 158
Down Syndrome 160
Assessment 161
Organizational Methods 161
Instructional Methods 162
Activities 164
Strategies for Inclusion 167
Special Olympics 167
Paralympic Games for People With Intellectual Disabilities 169
Safe Participation 169
Summary 170
References 170
Written Resources 171
Audiovisual Resources 172
Electronic Resources 172
Chapter 9 Behavioral Disabilities&E.Michael Loovis 173
Nature of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 175
Causes of Behavioral Disorders 176
General Implications for Physical Education and Sport 177
Specific Approaches for Physical Education and Sport 182
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support Systems 186
Inclusion 190
Summary 190
References 192
Written Resources 193
Audiovisual Resources 193
Electronic Resources 194
Chapter 10 Autism Spectrum Disorders&Cathy Houston-Wilson 195
History of Autism and Asperger Syndrome 196
Autism Spectrum Disorders 198
Etiology 200
Incidence 201
Physical and Motor Characteristics 201
General Educational Approaches 201
Implications for Physical Education 203
Applied Behavior Analysis 210
Inclusion 210
Summary 210
References 211
Written Resources 212
Audiovisual Resources 212
Electronic Resources 212
Chapter 11 Specific Learning Disabilities&Barry W.Lavay 215
What Is a Specific Learning Disability? 216
Behaviors Present Unique Challenges 221
General Educational Approaches 223
Recommendations for Teaching Physical Education and Sport 224
Summary 230
References 230
Written Resources 232
Audiovisual Resources 232
Electronic Resources 232
Chapter 12 Visual Impairments&Lauren J.Lieberman 233
Definition of Visual Impairment 234
Causes of Vision Loss 235
Characteristics of People With Visual Impairments 235
Teaching Students With Visual Impairments in Inclusive Physical Education 238
Sports for Athletes With Visual Impairments 244
Summary 247
References 247
Written Resources 248
Audiovisual Resources 248
Electronic Resources 248
Chapter 13 Hard of Hearing,Deaf,or Deafblind&Lauren J.Lieberman 251
Definitions of Hearing Loss 252
Types and Causes of Hearing Loss 253
Characteristics of Students With Hearing Loss 253
General Considerations for Teaching Physical Education to Students With Hearing Loss 257
Teaching Considerations for Students With Cochlear Implants 257
Inclusion Strategies for Teaching Students With Hearing Loss 258
Deafblindness 262
Sport Opportunities 264
Summary 265
References 266
Written Resources 267
Electronic Resources 267
Chapter 14 Cerebral Palsy,Traumatic Brain Injury,and Stroke&David L.Porretta 269
Cerebral Palsy 270
Traumatic Brain Injury 274
Stroke 277
Program Implications 279
Inclusion 286
Adapted Sport 286
Summary 288
References 288
Written Resources 289
Audiovisual Resources 289
Electronic Resources 289
Chapter 15 Amputations,Dwarfism,and Les Autres&David L.Porretta 291
Amputations 292
Dwarfism 294
Les Autres 295
Program Implications 302
Inclusion 307
Adapted Sport 307
Summary 309
References 309
Written Resources 309
Audiovisual Resources 310
Electronic Resources 310
Chapter 16 Spinal Cord Disabilities&Luke E.Kelly 311
Classifications 312
Spinal Cord Injuries 313
Spinal Column Deviations 329
Implications for Physical Education 338
Inclusion 340
Orthotic Devices 341
Adapted Sport Activities 343
Summary 344
References 344
Written Resources 345
Audiovisual Resources 345
Electronic Resources 345
Chapter 17 Other Health-Impaired Conditions&Francis M.Kozub 347
Diabetes Mellitus 348
Seizure Disorders 350
Asthma 351
Cancer 352
Cardiovascular Disorders 353
Anemia 354
AIDS and HIV 354
Tourette Syndrome 355
Inclusion 355
Summary 355
References 356
Written Resources 357
Audiovisual Resources 358
Electronic Resources 358
Chapter 18 Students With Temporary Disabilities and Other Special Conditions&Christine B.Stopka 359
Activity Injuries and Rehabilitative Exercises 360
Suggested Adapted Physical Activities for Long-Term Disorders 365
Summary 375
References 375
Written Resources 376
Electronic Resources 376
part three Developmental Considerations 377
Chapter 19 Motor Development&John C.Ozmun and David L.Gallahue 379
Motor Development Defined 380
Categories of Movement 380
Motor Development as a Dynamic System 381
Phases of Motor Development 383
Summary 392
References 392
Written Resources 393
Electronic Resources 393
Chapter 20 Perceptual-Motor Development&Barry W.Lavay and Joseph P.Winnick 395
Overview of the Perceptual-Motor Process 396
Sensory Systems 401
Summary 407
References 407
Written Resources 408
Audiovisual Resources 409
Electronic Resources 409
Chapter 21 Infants and Toddlers&Cathy Houston-Wilson 411
Legislation 412
Teachers of Early Childhood Adapted Physical Education 413
Assessment 413
Goals and Objectives of Motor Programs for Infants and Toddlers 416
Goals and Objectives of Motor Programs for Infants and Toddlers With Unique Needs 419
Developmentally Appropriate 421
Interactions With Infants and Toddlers Interacting With Families 422
Summary 423
References 423
Written Resources 424
Audiovisual Resources 424
Electronic Resources 424
Chapter 22 Early Childhood Adapted Physical Education&Lauriece L.Zittel 425
Identifying Young Children With Developmental Delays 426
Assessment of Performance 426
Early Childhood Program Standards and Learning Objectives 428
Planning for Instruction 432
Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Approaches 434
Activities 437
Summary 437
References 438
Written Resources 438
Audiovisual Resources 439
Electronic Resources 439
part four Activities for Individuals With Unique Needs 441
Chapter 23 Health-Related Physical Fitness and Physical Activity&Francis X.Short 443
Definitions 444
Physical Fitness and Health 445
Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness 446
Physical Activity and Health 454
Summary 457
References 457
Written Resources 458
AudiovisualResources 458
Electronic Resources 458
Chapter 24 Rhythmic Movement and Dance&Boni B.Boswell 461
Teaching Dance:What Is It? 462
Teaching Dance:What Is It Not? 462
Selection of Age-Appropriate Content 462
Rhythmic Movements 462
Creative Educational Dance 467
Structured Dance 475
Summary 479
References 480
Chapter 25 Aquatics&Monica Lepore 481
Benefits of Adapted Aquatics 482
General Teaching Suggestions 482
Aquatic Assessment 483
Adapting Swimming Skills 484
Orientation to Water 486
Facility and Equipment Considerations 487
Meeting Participants'Unique Needs 490
Swimming as a Competitive Sport 492
Other Aquatic Activities 494
Inclusion in Aquatic Activities 497
Summary 499
References 499
Written Resources 500
Audiovisual Resources 500
Electronic Resources 501
Other Resources 501
Chapter 26 Team Sports&David L.Porretta 503
Getting Involved 504
Basketball 504
Floor Hockey 506
Football 509
Soccer 510
Softball 514
Volleyball 518
Goalball 521
Quad Rugby 523
Inclusion 525
Summary 526
References 526
Written Resources 526
Audiovisual Resources 526
Electronic Resources 526
Chapter 27 Individual,Dual,and Adventure Sports and Activities&E.Michael Loovis 529
Tennis 530
Table Tennis 531
Angling 533
Archery 533
Badminton 535
Bowling 536
Fencing 538
Horseback Riding 539
Gymnastics 541
Wrestling and Judo 542
Track and Field 543
Golf 546
Powerlifting 548
Cycling 548
Boccia 550
Adventure Activities 551
Inclusion 552
Summary 553
References 553
Written Resources 554
Audiovisual Resources 554
Electronic Resources 554
Chapter 28 Winter Sport Activities&Luke E.Kelly 557
Value of Winter Sport 558
Alpine Skiing 558
Snowboarding 561
Cross-Country Skiing 562
Competitive Skiing for People With Disabilities 562
Ice Skating 564
Sledding and Tobogganing 566
Hockey 566
Curling 568
Inclusion 568
Summary 568
References 568
Written Resources 569
Audiovisual Resources 569
Electronic Resources 569
Chapter 29 Enhancing Wheelchair Sport Performance&Abu B.Yilla 571
Athlete and Wheelchair:A Systems Approach 572
Systems Approach:Combining the Athlete and the Wheelchair 580
Introducing Juniors to Wheelchair Sport 585
Future Directions 588
Summary 588
References 588
Written Resources 589
Training Resources 590
Audiovisual Resources 590
Electronic Resources 590
Appendix A Definitions Associated With the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act(IDEA) 591
Appendix B Adapted Physical Education and Sport Contact Information 595
Appendix C Brockport Physical Fitness Test 603
Appendix D Rating Scale for Adapted Physical Education 607
Author Index 615
Subject Index 617
About the Editor 633
About the Authors 635