Introduction 1
0.1 Purpose and approaches 1
0.2 Hierarchical structure of English grammar 3
Chapter One Composition of NP and VP 10
1.1 Two formulae 10
1.2 Composition of NP 11
1.3 Composition of VP 14
Chapter Two NP:The Determiner 23
2.1 Membership 23
2.2 Collocation 25
2.3 Simple and compound determiner 32
Chapter Three NP:The Article 37
3.1 Reference 37
3.2 Idiomatic use 43
Chapter Four NP:Number,Case and Gender 50
4.1 Number 50
4.2 Case 56
4.3 Gender 60
Chapter Five NP:Modifiers and Pronoun 67
5.1 Modifiers 67
5.2 Pronoun 72
Chapter Six VP:The Tense 82
6.1 Two tenses and no more 82
6.2 Sense of time 84
6.3 Tense and time 84
Chapter Seven VP:The Aspect 91
7.1 Progressive 91
7.2 Perfective 97
7 3 Perfective progressive 101
Chapter Eight VP:The Passive Voice 104
8.1 Form of the passive 104
8.2 Condition and constraints for the use of the passive 106
8.3 Expressions active in form but passive in meaning 110
Chapter Nine VP:The Mood and The Means of Denoting TheFuture Time 113
9.1 The mood and the moods 113
9.2 Mandative and formulaic 114
9.3 Means of denoting the future time 116
Chapter Ten VP:Modal Auxiliaries 122
10.1 Orientation 122
10.2 Significance of the distinction of the two orientations 123
10.3 Main modals 125
10.4 Comparisons 129
10.5 Negation 132
Chapter Eleven NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(1) 136
11.1 Syntactic functions of the adjective 136
11.2 Syntactic classification 140
11.3 Semantic classification:stative vs.dynamic,gradable vs.Non-gradable 142
11.4 Adverb as phrasal element 144
11.5 Adverb clausal element 147
Chapter Twelve NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(2),The Preposition 153
12.1 Adverb"with two forms" 153
12.2 Degrees of adjective and adverb 155
12.3 Preposition 157
12.4 Collocation 161
12.5 Idiomatic use and ellipsis of the preposition 162
Chapter Thirteen Transformation:Varieties to The Clause Patterns 168
13.1 Transformation and expansion 168
13.2 Existential sentence and sentence in which it is involved 170
13.3 Transformed sentences where it is involved 174
Chapter Fourteen Transformation:Statement,Question,Command and Exclamation 179
14.1 Statement 180
14.2 Question 183
14.3 Command 186
14.4 Exclamation 187
Chapter Fifteen Transformation:Fronting and Postponement 193
15.1 Fronting 193
15.2 Inversion 195
15.3 Postponement 198
15.4 Fronting and postponement 201
Chapter Sixteen Transformation:Substitution and Ellipsis 205
16.1 Substitution for noun phrases and their constituents 205
16.2 Substitution for clauses or clause constituents 207
16.3 Ellipsis 210
Chapter Seventeen Expansion:From NP to Clause 217
17.1 NPl realized by finite and non-finite clauses 217
17.2 (NP4)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 220
17.3 (NP2)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 223
17.4 Finite and non-finite clauses as objects of prepositions 225
Chapter Eighteen Expansion:From(C)to Clause 229
18.1 Nominal clauses as(Cs) 229
18.2 Adjectival clauses as(Co) 232
Chapter Nineteen Expansion:From(M)to clause 241
19.1 Clauses as(M1) 241
19.2 Finite clauses as(M2) 243
19.3 Non-finite clauses as(M2) 247
Chapter Twenty Expansion:From[A]to Clause(1) 253
20.1 Semantic classification and description 253
Chapter Twenty-one Expansion:From[A]to Clause(2) 266
21.1 Position in clause 266
21.2 Dangling clause and its acceptability 269
21.3 Syntactic classification 271
Chapter Twenty-two Expansion:Coordination and Apposition 278
22.1 Syndetic and asyndetic coordination 278
22.2 Syntactic features and semantic implications of coordinators 279
22.3 Correlatives and some other points about coordination 284
22.4 Apposition 286
Chapter Twenty-three Sentence Analysis:Phrase Structure Rules 293
23.1 Phrase structure rules(1—3) 293
23.2 Supplementary features provided by the phrase rules 299
23.3 Practice of sentence analysis 303
Chapter Twenty-four Sentence Analysis:Transformed Sentences 305
24.1 Transformed sentences 305
24.2 Practice of sentence analysis 313
Chapter Twenty-five Sentence Analysis:Ambiguous Sentences 316
25.1 Ambiguous sentences 316
25.2 Practice of sentence analysis 323
Key to Exercises 326
Bibliography 365
Index 366