高级英语语法教程PDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

0.1 Purpose and approaches 1

0.2 Hierarchical structure of English grammar 3

Chapter One Composition of NP and VP 10

1.1 Two formulae 10

1.2 Composition of NP 11

1.3 Composition of VP 14

Chapter Two NP:The Determiner 23

2.1 Membership 23

2.2 Collocation 25

2.3 Simple and compound determiner 32

Chapter Three NP:The Article 37

3.1 Reference 37

3.2 Idiomatic use 43

Chapter Four NP:Number,Case and Gender 50

4.1 Number 50

4.2 Case 56

4.3 Gender 60

Chapter Five NP:Modifiers and Pronoun 67

5.1 Modifiers 67

5.2 Pronoun 72

Chapter Six VP:The Tense 82

6.1 Two tenses and no more 82

6.2 Sense of time 84

6.3 Tense and time 84

Chapter Seven VP:The Aspect 91

7.1 Progressive 91

7.2 Perfective 97

7 3 Perfective progressive 101

Chapter Eight VP:The Passive Voice 104

8.1 Form of the passive 104

8.2 Condition and constraints for the use of the passive 106

8.3 Expressions active in form but passive in meaning 110

Chapter Nine VP:The Mood and The Means of Denoting TheFuture Time 113

9.1 The mood and the moods 113

9.2 Mandative and formulaic 114

9.3 Means of denoting the future time 116

Chapter Ten VP:Modal Auxiliaries 122

10.1 Orientation 122

10.2 Significance of the distinction of the two orientations 123

10.3 Main modals 125

10.4 Comparisons 129

10.5 Negation 132

Chapter Eleven NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(1) 136

11.1 Syntactic functions of the adjective 136

11.2 Syntactic classification 140

11.3 Semantic classification:stative vs.dynamic,gradable vs.Non-gradable 142

11.4 Adverb as phrasal element 144

11.5 Adverb clausal element 147

Chapter Twelve NP and VP:The Adjective and The Adverb(2),The Preposition 153

12.1 Adverb"with two forms" 153

12.2 Degrees of adjective and adverb 155

12.3 Preposition 157

12.4 Collocation 161

12.5 Idiomatic use and ellipsis of the preposition 162

Chapter Thirteen Transformation:Varieties to The Clause Patterns 168

13.1 Transformation and expansion 168

13.2 Existential sentence and sentence in which it is involved 170

13.3 Transformed sentences where it is involved 174

Chapter Fourteen Transformation:Statement,Question,Command and Exclamation 179

14.1 Statement 180

14.2 Question 183

14.3 Command 186

14.4 Exclamation 187

Chapter Fifteen Transformation:Fronting and Postponement 193

15.1 Fronting 193

15.2 Inversion 195

15.3 Postponement 198

15.4 Fronting and postponement 201

Chapter Sixteen Transformation:Substitution and Ellipsis 205

16.1 Substitution for noun phrases and their constituents 205

16.2 Substitution for clauses or clause constituents 207

16.3 Ellipsis 210

Chapter Seventeen Expansion:From NP to Clause 217

17.1 NPl realized by finite and non-finite clauses 217

17.2 (NP4)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 220

17.3 (NP2)realized by finite and non-finite clauses 223

17.4 Finite and non-finite clauses as objects of prepositions 225

Chapter Eighteen Expansion:From(C)to Clause 229

18.1 Nominal clauses as(Cs) 229

18.2 Adjectival clauses as(Co) 232

Chapter Nineteen Expansion:From(M)to clause 241

19.1 Clauses as(M1) 241

19.2 Finite clauses as(M2) 243

19.3 Non-finite clauses as(M2) 247

Chapter Twenty Expansion:From[A]to Clause(1) 253

20.1 Semantic classification and description 253

Chapter Twenty-one Expansion:From[A]to Clause(2) 266

21.1 Position in clause 266

21.2 Dangling clause and its acceptability 269

21.3 Syntactic classification 271

Chapter Twenty-two Expansion:Coordination and Apposition 278

22.1 Syndetic and asyndetic coordination 278

22.2 Syntactic features and semantic implications of coordinators 279

22.3 Correlatives and some other points about coordination 284

22.4 Apposition 286

Chapter Twenty-three Sentence Analysis:Phrase Structure Rules 293

23.1 Phrase structure rules(1—3) 293

23.2 Supplementary features provided by the phrase rules 299

23.3 Practice of sentence analysis 303

Chapter Twenty-four Sentence Analysis:Transformed Sentences 305

24.1 Transformed sentences 305

24.2 Practice of sentence analysis 313

Chapter Twenty-five Sentence Analysis:Ambiguous Sentences 316

25.1 Ambiguous sentences 316

25.2 Practice of sentence analysis 323

Key to Exercises 326

Bibliography 365

Index 366