Introduction 1
PART Ⅰ．PATENTS 5
Chapter 1．The Foundations of Patent Protection 5
1.1 Origins and Development of United States Patent Law 5
1.2 Patent Basics 10
1.3 The Two Theories of Patent Protection 15
Chapter 2．The Subject Matter of Patents 20
2.1 Ideas v.Applications 20
2.2 The Statutory Scheme 21
2.3 Processes as Subject Matter Apart From Products 25
2.4 The Boundaries of the Three Product Categories 28
2.5 Compositions of Matter 29
2.6 Manufacture 30
2.7 Machines 31
2.8 Computer-Related Patents 32
2.9 Orphan Drug Act 36
Chapter 2．The Subject Matter of Patents—Continued 37
2.10 Plant and Design Patents 37
Chapter 3．Patentability—Novelty and Statutory Bar 40
3.1 Overview 40
3.2 Foreign Anticipation 44
3.3 Domestic Anticipation 45
3.4 References to Prior Publications 47
3.5 Substantial and Realized Anticipation 50
3.6 Statutory Bar 52
3.7 The Policies of Statutory Bar 55
3.8 Publicity and Limited Disclosures 56
3.9 Competing Claims to Novelty by Two or More Inventors—Priority 60
Chapter 4．Patentability-Utility 67
4.1 Qualitative Utility 67
4.2 Presumed Utility 68
Chapter 5．Patentability-Non-Obviousness 71
5.1 Overview 71
5.2 Invention and Nonobviousness 75
5.3 Negative Rules of Invention 78
5.4 The Statutory Test 82
5.5 Nonobviousness and Novelty 86
Chapter 5．Patentability-Non-Obviousness—Continued 88
5.6 The Secondary Considerations 88
5.7 The Importation of Section 102 Prior Art into Section 103 92
Chapter 6．Double-Patenting 96
6.1 Attempts to Extend the Patent Monopoly 96
6.2 Terminal Disclaimer 98
Chapter 7．The Patenting Process 100
7.1 Overview 100
7.2 The Patentee 101
7.3 Joint Invention 102
7.4 Prosecuting a Patent Application 104
7.5 The Specifications and Claims 107
7.6 The Limits of Agency Discretion 111
7.7 Claims Drafting 113
7.8 The Duty of Candor 115
7.9 Reissue and Re-examination 120
7.10 Judicial Review 122
Chapter 8．Infringement 125
8.1 Overview 125
8.2 File Wrapper Estoppel 125
8.3 Claim Interpretation—Differentiation,Literality,and Equivalence 127
8.4 The Patent Rights 129
Chapter 8．Infringement—Continued 130
8.5 Direct,Indirect,and Contributory Infringement 130
8.6 Repair and Reconstruction 136
8.7 Infringement Defenses—Misuse 138
Chapter 9．Remedies 142
9.1 Overview 142
9.2 Injunctive Relief 142
9.3 Damages 143
9.4 Attorneys' Fees 144
Chapter 10．Patent Law and the Intersection of State and Federal Regulation 145
10.1 Overview 145
PART Ⅱ．TRADEMARKS 147
Chapter 11．The Foundations of Trademark Protection 147
11.1 Origins and Development of Trademark Law 147
11.2 Common Law Trademark 150
11.3 Federal Registration 153
Chapter 12．Distinctiveness 157
12.1 Overview 157
12.2 Different Markets 158
12.3 Prior Use 160
12.4 Secondery Meaning and Descriptiveness 164
Chapter 12．Distinctiveness—Continued 172
12.5 The Bars Against Geographic Marks,Immoral Marks,and Surnames 172
12.6 The Supplemental Register 179
Chapter 13．Dilution and the Expansion of Trademark Doctrine 181
13.1 Overview 181
13.2 Trademarks and Goodwill 182
13.3 Likelihood of Expansion 185
13.4 The Interests Protected 189
13.5 State Anti-dilution Statutes 192
Chapter 14．Loss of Trademark Protection and Partial Protection 194
14.1 Partial Rights 194
14.2 The Rights of a Senior Registrant Against a Pre-registration User 197
14.3 The Rights of a Junior Registrant Against a Pre-registration User 199
14.4 Concurrent Registration 201
14.5 Abandonment 205
14.6 Incontestability 210
Chapter 15．Trademark Practice 217
15.1 Overview 217
15.2 First Use in Commerce 221
15.3 Standing 231
Chapter 16．Subject Matter 233
16.1 Overview 233
16.2 Certification Marks 234
16.3 Collective Marks 238
16.4 Service Marks 240
16.5 Primary Purpose 242
16.6 The Functional Bar 245
16.7 Color 249
16.8 Section 43(a) 251
Chapter 17．Infringement 256
17.1 Overview 256
17.2 Similarity of Marks 258
17.3 Similarity of Goods or Services 260
17.4 Character and Similarity of Markets 263
17.5 Subsidiary Evidence of Likelihood of Confusion 268
17.6 Defenses—Fair and Collateral Use 271
17.7 Gray Market Goods 273
Chapter 18．Remedies 276
18.1 Overview 276
18.2 Injunctive Relief 276
18.3 Accounting 277
18.4 Damages 279
18.5 Attorneys' Fees 279
PART Ⅲ．COPYRIGHT 281
Chapter 19．Foundations of Copyright Protection 281
19.1 Origins and Development of Copyright Law 281
19.2 The Copyright Acts 284
19.3 The Common Law-Statutory Copyright Distinction and the 1976 Act 286
19.4 Copyright Basics 288
Chapter 20．The Subject Matter of Copyright 291
20.1 Originality 291
20.2 Copyrightable Works 297
20.3 Noncopyrightable Works 303
20.4 Writings and Fixation 305
20.5 Computer Programs 308
20.6 Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 312
20.7 Sound Recordings 313
20.8 Copyright Formalities—Registration and Notice 319
Chapter 21．Exclusive Rights 321
21.1 Introduction 321
21.2 Reproduction 321
21.3 Derivative Works 323
21.4 Distribution 324
21.5 Performance 327
Chapter 21．Exclusive Rights—Continued 332
21.6 Display 332
Chapter 22．Infringement 335
22.1 Overview 335
22.2 Proof of Infringement 337
22.3 Infringement of Musical Works 341
22.4 Infringement of Literary Works 344
Chapter 23．Fair Use 349
23.1 Overview 349
23.2 The Dynamics of Fair Use 350
23.3 Purpose and Character of the Use 353
23.4 Nature of the Work 356
23.5 The Proportional Amount and Substance of the Use 358
23.6 The Effect on the Original Author's Economic Market 361
23.7 Parody,Burlesque,and Satire 362
23.8 Fair Use and Free Speech 364
23.9 Photocopying 367
23.10 The Functional-Equivalents Test 368
Chapter 24．Ownership 371
24.1 The Copyright and the Material Object 371
24.2 Multiple Claims to Authorship 372
24.3 The Rights of Co-authors 378
24.4 Duration of Ownership 379
24.5 Termination of Transfers 381
Chapter 24．Ownership—Continued 386
24.6 Works for Hire 386
24.7 Pre-existing Works 389
Chapter 25．Formal Requirements 393
25.1 Registration 393
25.2 Notice 398
Chapter 26．Remedies 403
26.1 Injunctive Relief 403
26.2 Damages and Profits 404
26.3 Impoundment 408
26.4 Criminal Penalties 409
26.5 Attorneys' Fees and Costs 410
Chapter 27．Copyright Laws and the Intersection of State and Federal Regulation 411
27.1 Pre-emption 411
27.2 State Remedies 416
27.3 Other Federal Remedies 420
27.4 Moral Rights and the Berne Convention 422
INDEX 425