SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS 1
1．1 Predicators，Subjects，Complements 1
1．2 Adjuncts，Isolates 5
1．3 Contained Syntactic Functions 7
1．4 Secondary Syntactic Functions 11
1．5 Syntactic Functions of All Types 13
PARTS OF SPEECH 19
2．1 Verbs 19
2．2 Nouns，Adjectives 21
2．3 Adverbs，Absolutes，Pronouns 23
2．4 Part-of-Speech Classification in General 25
MAIN-CLAUSE PATTERNS AND THEIR SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE DERIVATIVES 27
3．1 Declarative Clauses 27
3．2 Interrogative Clauses 29
3．3 Interrogative Clauses 31
3．4 Interrogative Clauses 33
3．5 Imperative Clauses 35
3．6 Assertive Clauses 37
OTHER MATTERS OF CLAUSE PATTERNING 39
4．1 Verbid Clauses 39
4．2 Verbid Clauses 43
4．3 Negation 47
4．4 Split Clauses 49
4．5 Coordination of Clauses 51
4．6 Clause Patterns in General 53
4．7 Corresponding Main Declaratives 57
4．8 Lapses，Learners＇Errors 59
VOICE AND ASPECT 61
5．1 Voice 61
5．2 Voice 63
5．3 Voice 65
5．4 Aspect 67
5．5 Aspect 69
MODE 71
6．1 Mode 71
6．2 Mode 73
6．3 Possibility 75
6．4 Constraint，Volition 77
TENSE 79
7．1 Present 79
7．2 Present Perfect 81
7．3 Present Future，Present Future Perfect 83
7．4 Past 85
7．5 Past Perfect，Past Future，Past Future Perfect 87
EXPANSION，PERSON AND NUMBER，PARADIGMS，IRREGULAR VERBS 89
8．1 Expansion 89
8．2 Person and Number 91
8．3 Person and Number 93
8．4 Indentification of Forms 95
8．5 Irregular Pasts 97
8．6 Variations in Forms 99
8．7 Lapses and Learners＇Errors 101
PLURALIZERS AND QUANTIFIABLES 103
9．1 Pluralizers 103
9．2 Pluralizers 105
9．3 Pluralizers 107
9．4 Pluralizers 109
9．5 Quantifiables 111
9．6 Quantifiables 113
PROPER NAMES，POSSESSIVES，SYNTACTICALLY EXCEPTIONAL USES OF NOUNS 115
10．1 Proper Nouns 115
10．2 Phrasal Proper Names 117
10．3 Proper Nouns 119
10．4 Noun Possessives 121
10．5 Noun Possessives 123
10．6 Nouns in Nonnounal Constructions 125
ADJECTIVES 127
11．1 Comparison of Adjectives 127
11．2 Comparison of Adjectives 129
11．3 Adjectives in Nonadjectival Constructions 131
ADVERBS 133
12．1 Adverbs in ly 133
12．2 Clause-Marker Adverbs，Coordinators，Conjunctives 135
12．3 Prepositional Adverbs 137
12．4 Adverbs of Miscellaneous Types 139
12．5 Adverbs in Nonadverbial Constructions 141
FULL DETERMINATIVES OF IDENTIFICATION 143
13．1 Demostratives 143
13．2 Definite Article 145
13．3 Indefinite Article and Some 147
13．4 Any，Either，Every，Each，No，Neither 149
13．5 Clause-Marker Determinatives 151
OTHER DETERMINATIVES 153
14．1 Partial Determinatives of Identification 153
14．2 Numerals 155
14．3 Few，Little，Several，Enough 157
14．4 Many，Much，All，Both 159
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 161
15．1 The Personals I，We，You，He，She 161
15．2 The Personals It and They 163
15．3 Nominatives and Objectives 165
15．4 Reflexives and Possessives 167
OTHER NOUNAL PRONOUNS 169
16．1 Each Other，There，General One 169
16．2 Substitute One，Compounds in One，Body，Thing 171
16．3 Clause-Marker That 173
16．4 Clause-Markers Who，Whoever 175
SIMPLEXES，REPETITIVES，COMPOUNDS 177
17．1 Written-Language Merged Forms 177
17．2 Phrasal Parts of Speech 179
17．3 The Problem of＂Sames＂ 181
17．4 Shortened Forms 183
17．5 Multiplication of Vocabulary 185
17．6 Origins of Exceptional Simplexes，Repetitives 187
17．7 Compounds and Apparent Compounds 189
COMPLEXES 191
18．1 Prefixes 191
18．2 Suffixes 193
18．3 Sex，Nationality，Size，etc 195
18．4 Direction of Predication 197
18．5 Nonaffixal Formatives 199
18．6 The Problem of＂Sames＂ 201
VOWELS AND CONSONANTS 203
19．1 Long Stressed Vowel Sounds 203
19．2 Short Stressed Vowel Sounds 205
19．3 The Diphthongs and Triphthongs 207
19．4 The Unstressed Vowel Sounds 209
19．5 Stops 211
19．6 Fricatives，Nasals，Glides，Aspirate 213
19．7 Regularly Formed Noun Plurals 215
19．8 Noun Possessives 217
19．9 S Forms and Past Forms of Regular Verbs 219
19．10 One-Word Forms of Regular Verbs 221
19．11 Phonemic Transcription 225
STRESS，SYLLABIFICATION，INTONATION AND PUNCTUATION 229
20．1 Stress within Words 229
20．2 Words Normally Unstressed 231
20．3 Stress within Phrases 233
20．4 Stress in Sentences 235
20．5 End-of-Line Division of Words 237
20．6 Punctuation Terminating Sentences and Main Divisions of Multiple Sentences 239
20．7 Punctuation within Sentences and Main Divisions of Multiple Sentences 241