Ⅰ．THE BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF RHE-TORIC 1
Historical Background of Rhetoric 1
What Rhetoric Treats about To-day 3
Rhetoric as a Practical Study 4
Ⅱ．RHETORIC AS PRACTICED WITH WORDS 6
General Discussion 6
Ⅰ．Kind of Words to Choose 7
（A）Choosing Words According to Nature 7
1．Words for Clearness 7
（1）Simple Words 7
Exercises 8
（2）Specific Words 8
Exercises 10
（3）Denotative Words 10
Exercises 11
2．Words for Accuracy 12
（1）Words of Right Shade of Meaning 12
Examples 13
（2）Words of Right Degree of Meaning 14
Examples 14
（3）Words of Right Kind of Meaning 15
Examples 15
Exercises 16
3．Words for Effectiveness 17
Words for Connotation 18
（a）Idiomatic Words 18
（b）Descriptive Words 19
（c）Figurative Words 22
（1）Similes 24
（2）Metaphors 25
（3）Metonymy 26
（4）Personification 26
Exercises 28
（B）Choosing Words According to Use 29
Words in Good Use 30
（a）Present Words 30
（b）Reputable Words 32
（c）National Words 33
Exercises 35
Ⅱ．Kind of Words to Avoid 35
（A）Words to Avoid for Practical Utility 36
1．Foreign Words not Naturalized 36
2．Obsolete Words 37
3．Newly-Coined Words 37
4．Technical Words 38
（B）Words to Avoid for Good Taste 39
1．Colloquialisms 39
2．Provincialisms 41
3．Vulgarisms 42
Exercises 43
Ⅲ．RHETORIC AS PRACTICED WITH SEN-TENCES 44
General Discussion 44
Grammatical and Rhetorical Classification of Sentences 44
The Structure of Sentences 45
1．Simple Form 46
2．Modified and Enlarged Form 46
Pleonastic Sentence Structure 47
Elliptical Sentence Structure 47
The Uses of Sentences 48
（1）The Use of Simple Sentence 48
（2）The Use of Compound Sentence 48
（3）The Use of Complex Sentence 48
（4）The Use of Compound-Complex Sentence 49
（5）The Use of Periodic Sentence 49
（6）The Use of Loose Sentence 49
（7）The Use of Balanced Sentence 50
The Essential Qualities of Sentences 50
1．Sentence Clearness 51
Ⅰ．Correct Diction 51
（a）Position of Adverbs 51
（b）Position of Modifiers in General 52
（c）Use of Pronouns 52
（d）Watch for Squinting Construction 52
Ⅱ．Proper Punctuation 53
（a）Placing of Period 53
（b）Insertion of Comma and Semicolon 53
（c）Use of Interrogation Point 53
2．Sentence Unity 54
How to Preserve Sentence Unity 54
（a）First Determine Central Thought 54
（b）Use Additional Clause for Ex-planation 54
（c）Group Clauses with Semicolons 54
Precautions Concerning Sentence Unity 56
Precaution 1 Change of Subject 56
Precaution 2 Separation of Ideas 57
Precaution 3 Crowding Details 57
Precaution 4 Loose Arrangement of Relative Clauses 58
Ways for Telling Sentence Unity 58
1．By Total Impression 58
2．By Proper Relation of Clauses 59
Exercises for Sentence Unity 60
3．Sentence Coherence 61
What Sentence Coherence Is 61
Ⅰ．Promotion of Sentence Coherence 62
（a）Natural Order of Words 62
（b）Logical Use of Negatives 63
（c）Logical Connections and Rela-tionships 64
Ⅱ．Violation of Sentence Coherence 64
（a）Needless Change of Construction 65
（b）Relation between Participle and Noun or Pronoun 65
（c）Relation between Pronoun and Antecedent 66
Exercises for Sentence Coherence 67
4．Sentence Emphasis 67
What Sentence Emphasis Is 67
How to Secure it 68
Ⅰ．By Position 68
（a）Beginning and End of Sentence 68
（b）Order of Climax 69
（c）Inverted Word Order 69
Ⅱ．By Word Manipulation 69
（a）Word Repetition 70
（b）Word Antithesis 70
（c）Omission of Unimportant Words 70
Emphatic Sentences 70
（1）Short Sentence 71
（2）Periodic Sentence 71
（3）Balanced Sentence 71
Exercises for Sentence Emphasis 72
5．Sentence Euphony 73
What Sentence Euphony Is 73
Ⅰ．Promotion of Sentence Euphony 73
（a）By a Natural Beginning 73
（b）By Easy Movement 74
（c）By Cadence at the End 74
Ⅱ．Violation of Sentence Euphony 75
（a）From Needless Repetition 75
（b）From Harsh Combinations 75
（c）From Metrical Structure 76
（d）From Frequent Alliteration 76
Exercises for Sentence Euphony 77
6．Sentence Strength 77
What Sentence Strength Is 77
How to Secure It 78
（1）Careful Use of Connective Words 78
（2）Similar Construction of Contrasted Members 78
（3）Liberal Use of Particular Terms 79
Exercises for Sentence Strength 79
Idiomatic Sentences Needing Special At-tention 80
Ⅳ．RHETORIC AS PRACTICED WITH PARA-GRAPHS 82
General Discussion 82
Paragraph-Thought 82
What a Paragraph Is 83
The Topic of the Paragraph 84
Paragraph as an Organic Structure 85
Paragraph Plan 85
Paragraph Analyzed 86
Means of Paragraph Development 88
1．By Definition 88
Example Analyzed 89
2．By Particulars and Details 89
Examples Analyzed 90
3．BY Comparison and Illustration 91
Example Analyzed 91
4．By Specific Instances or Examples 92
Example Analyzed 92
5．By Presenting Reasons 93
Examples Analyzed 93
6．By Applying a Principle 95
Example Analyzed 95
7．By Stating Causes and Effects 96
Examples Analyzed 96
8．By Introductory and Summarizing Sen-tences 98
（a）The Introductory Sentence 98
Example Analyzed 99
（b）The Transitional Sentence 99
Example Analyzed 99
（c）The Summarizing Sentence 100
Example Analyzed 100
General Laws Governing Paragraphs 101
1．Paragraph Unity 101
Examples Analyzed 102
2．Paragraph Selection 104
Examples Analyzed 105
3．Paragraph Coherence 107
（a）The Proper Arrangement of Sentences 107
Example Analyzed 108
（b）The Use of Proper Connecting Words 109
Example Analyzed 109
4．Paragraph Proportion 110
（a）Sufficient Details to Show Purpose 111
Example 111
（b）Adequate Amplification 111
Example 112
（c）Ordinary Illustration for Simple State-ment 112
Example 113
5．Paragraph Emphasis 113
（a）By Repetition 113
Example 113
（b）By Space 114
Example 114
（c）By Contrast 115
Example 115
（d）By Position 116
Example 116
6．Paragraph Variety 116
What Paragraph Variety Is 116
Variety Secured by Diversity of Sentences 117
Example Analyzed 117
Types of Paragraph Structure 118
General Discussion 118
Kinds of Paragraph Structure 119
Ⅰ．Expository and Argumentative Paragraphs 120
（a）Logical Methods 120
1．Inductive Method 120
Example Analyzed 121
2．Deductive Method 121
Example Analyzed 122
Two Methods Compared 123
（b）Less Formal Methods 123
1．Paragraph Developed Through Definition 123
Example Analyzed 123
2．Paragraph Developed Through Specific In-stances 124
Example Analyzed 124
3．Paragraph Developed Through Causes and Results 125
Example Analyzed 125
Ⅱ．Descriptive and Narrative Paragraphs 125
1．By Giving Incident 126
Example Analyzed 126
2．By Character Sketches 127
Example Analyzed 127
3．By Descriptive Sketches 129
Example Analyzed 129
Kinds of Paragraphs 130
Ⅰ．The Isolated Paragraphs 131
Example Analyzed1 131
Ⅱ．The Related Paragraphs 132
1．Introductory Paragraph 132
Example Analyzed 132
2．Transitional Paragraph 133
Example Analyzed 133
3．Amplifying Paragraph 133
Example Analyzed 134
4．Concluding Paragraph 135
Example Analyzed 135
Exercises on Isolated Paragraphs 136
Exercises on Related Paragraphs 139
Written Exercises on Paragraphs 154
Ⅴ．RHETORIC AS PRACTICED WITH WHOLE COMPOSITIONS 156
General Discussion 156
The Ways We Learn to Write Compositions 156
Why Rhetoric Is Necessary in Composition 157
General Rhetorical Principles of Relation 158
1．The Principle of Distinction 159
Example Analyzed 159
2．The Principle of Sequence 161
Example Analyzed 161
3．The Principle of Climax 161
Example Analyzed 162
The Logical Order of Thought-Grouping 163
1．The Defining Stage—Introduction 163
2．The Developing Stage—Discussion 164
3．The Applying Stage—Conclusion 164
The Practical Plan of Composition 165
（A）Concerning Introduction 165
Examples Analyzed 165
（B）Concerning Development or Amplification 168
1．To Aid Memory—The Psychological Laws 168
（a）The Law of Contiguity 168
Example Analyzed 169
（b）The Law of Similarity and Con-trast 170
Example Analyzed 170
（c）The Law of Cause and Effect 171
Example Analyzed 171
2．To Give Good Movement—Two Orders of Thought Building 172
（1）Inductive Order 172
Example Analyzed 173
（2）Deductive Order 173
Example Analyzed 174
（C）Concerning Conclusion 175
1．Intellectual Type 175
Example 176
2．Emotional Type 176
Example 176
Classification of Compositions 177
Ⅰ．Description 177
Purpose of Description 177
Example Analyzed 178
Methods in Description 179
1．The Popular Method 179
Example 179
2．The Artistic Method 180
Example 180
3．The Scientific Method 180
Example 180
4．The Suggestive Method 181
Example 181
Points of View in Description 182
1．The Fixed Point of View 182
Example 182
2．The Changeable Point of View 183
Example Analyzed 183
Selection of Details 185
Examples 185
Descriptive Compositions for Study 185
Descriptive Compositions for Exercises 190
Suggestions for Writing Descriptions 190
Ⅱ．Narration 191
Purpose of Narration 191
Example Analyzed 192
The Principal Elements in Narration 192
1．The Plot 192
2．The Setting 193
3．The Character 193
General Classification of Narratives 194
Simple Narrative 194
Example Analyzed 194
The Requisites of Simple Narratives 195
The Unity of Simple Narrative 196
Example Analvzed 196
The Sequence of Simple Narrative 197
Example Analyzed 197
The Climax of Simple Narrative 198
Example Analyzed 198
The Complex Narrative 199
How to Change Simple Narrative into Complex Narrative 199
The Obstacles,Physical and Mental 201
Examples Analyzed 201
The Suspense 202
Example 202
The Beginning of Narrative 203
Example Analyzed 203
The Climax of Narrative 204
Example 204
The Conclusion of Narrative 204
Example 204
Narratives for Study 205
Narrative Compositions for Exercises 207
Suggestions for Writing Narratives 209
Ⅲ．Exposition 211
Purpose of Exposition 211
Example Analyzed 212
Effective Exposition 213
Process of Exposition—Analysis 214
Example Analyzed 214
Methods of Exposition 215
1．Exposition by Narration or Descrip-tion 215
Example Analyzed 215
2．Exposition by Paraphrase 216
Example Analyzed 217
3．Exposition by Abstract 218
Example Analyzed 218
4．Exposition by Definition—Intensive Exposition 219
Logical Definition 219
Example Analyzed 219
Other Means of Logical Definition 220
1．Exposition by Antithesis 220
Example 220
2．Exposition by Iteration 221
Example 221
3．Exposition by Analogy 222
Example 222
4．Exposition by Exemplification 222
Example 223
Expository Compositions for Study 226
Expository Compositions for Criticism 231
Subjects for Written Exercises 233
Ⅳ．Argumentation 234
Purpose of Argumentation 234
Argumentation and Exposition 234
Steps in Argumentation 235
1．The Choice of the Subject 235
2．The Wording of the Subject 235
3．The Analysis of the Subject 236
4．The Development of the Arguments 236
5．The Conclusion 236
Example Analyzed 237
Two Forms of Argumentation 239
（Ⅰ）Constructive Argumentation 239
A．Through Direct Inquiry 240
1．Personal Observation 240
Example Analyzed 240
2．Testimony 241
Example Analyzed 241
3．Authority 242
Example 242
B．Through Reasoning—Induction 243
1．Inference from Particulars 243
Example Analyzed 244
2．Particulars Viewed as Cause or Effect 244
Example Analyzed 244
3．Particulars as Circumstantial Evidence 245
Example Analyzed 246
4．Particulars as Example and Analogy 247
Example Analyzed 247
C．Through Reasoning—Deduction 248
1．Syllogism in Literature 249
Example Analyzed 249
2．Syllogism in Enthymeme 250
Example Analyzed 250
3．Syllogism in Enlargement 251
Example Analyzed 251
（Ⅱ）Destructive Argumentation 252
Ⅰ．Analysis of Issues 252
（a）By Reducing to Alternatives 252
Example Analyzed 253
（b）By Reductio ad Absurdum 254
Example 254
（c）By Dilemma 255
Example Analyzed 255
Ⅱ．Exposure of Fallacies 256
（a）By Detailed Analysis 256
Example 256
（b）By Parity of Reasoning 257
Example 257
Argumentative Compositions for Study 258
Argumentative Compositions for Exer-cise 263
Suggestions for Writing Argumentative Compositions 264