① OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1
Introduction:overall function of the digestive system 2
Components of the digestive system 2
Physiological processes of the digestive system 2
Distribution of blood to the digestive organs 6
Membrane transport 7
Motility 10
Enteric nervous system 13
Control by autonomic nerves 15
Endocrine control 16
Control of blood flow 16
Control of gastrointestinal functions during a meal 17
② THE MOUTH,SALIVARY GLANDS AND OESOPHAGUS 19
Introduction 20
The mouth 20
Anatomy and histology of the tongue 22
Saliva 29
Salivary glands 30
Oesophagus 35
③ THE STOMACH:BASIC FUNCTIONS 39
Introduction 40
Anatomy and morphology of the stomach 40
Secretory mucosa of the stomach 41
Histology 41
Composition of gastric juice 43
Cellular mechanisms of secretion 43
Role of the stomach in iron absorption 44
Motility in the stomach 47
④ THE STOMACH:CONTROL 51
Introduction 52
Control of gastric secretion 52
Control of pepsinogen secretion 57
Protective mechanisms in the mucosa 59
Acid reduction therapy 59
Control of motility in the stomach 63
Control of the pyloric sphincter 65
Control of gastric function by food 65
⑤ PANCREAS:EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS 71
Introduction 72
Anatomy and morphology 72
Pancreatic juice 75
Alkaline secretion 75
Pancreatic enzymes 77
Control of secretion 80
⑥ LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM 85
Introduction 86
Overview of the functioning of the hepatobiliary system 86
Anatomy and morphology of the liver 86
The gall bladder 100
⑦ THE SMALL INTESTINE 107
Introduction 108
Intestinal phase of digestion 108
Anatomy and structure 109
Structure of the intestinal wall 111
Motility in the small intestine 122
Mixing and propulsion during a meal 123
Control of motility 125
Ileocaecal sphincter 126
Drugs that affect intestinal motility 126
⑧ DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION 129
Introduction 130
Absorption 130
Absorption of important nutrients 130
Protein 138
Minerals and trace elements 141
Water-soluble vitamins 144
Lipids 146
⑨ THE ABSORPTIVE AND POST-ABSORPTIVE STATES 153
Introduction 154
The absorptive state 155
Insulin 157
Post-absorptive state 163
Control of the post-absorptive state 167
⑩ THE COLON 171
Introduction 172
Anatomy 172
Histology 173
Appendix 175
Anal canal 175
Functions 177
⑾ GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOLOGY 183
Introduction 184
Gastrointestinal malignancy 184
Symptoms of gastrointestinal malignancy 185
Common gastrointestinal malignancies 186
Tumours of the pancreas 188
Acute abdominal pain 189
Surgical resections 190
Mouth and oropharynx 193
Oesophagus 194
Stomach and duodenum 195
Hepatobiliary disease 196
Pancreas 197
Small bowel conditions 198
Large intestine 201
Ulcerative colitis 202
Glossary 203
Index 207