PART Ⅰ WESTERNCIVILIZATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES(500-1500) 3
CHAPTER ONE THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 3
THE ROMANO-GERMANIC CHRISTIANIZED WEST 3
The Germanic Society 4
The New Political Structure in the West—The Frankish Enrpire 8
The Christian Church 12
CULTURE OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 17
Christianity and Classical Learning 17
The Carolingian Renaissance 18
THE BYZANTINE WORLD 23
The Byzantine Empire 23
The Differences between the Western Church and the Eastern Church 26
BYZANTINE CULTURE 27
Thought 27
The Preservation of Classical Works 28
Byzantine Architecture and Mosaics 28
Byzantine Influence on the West 30
THE ISLAMIC WORLD 30
Islam 31
The Expansion of Islam 32
ISLAMIC CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS 32
Islamic History 33
Islamic Philosophy 34
Islamic Science 34
Islamic Architecture 35
CHAPTER TWO THE HIGH MIDDLE AGE 38
FEUDALISM 39
Vassalage 39
The Chivalric Code 41
The Rebirth of Urban Life and Commerce 41
The Feudal Monarchy 43
The German Empire 45
The Reform of the Church 48
THE CULTURE OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES-THE AGE OF SYNTHESIS 50
The Cathedral Schools and the Rise of the Universities 51
The Age of Synthesis:Scholasticism 52
Vernacular Literature 55
Architecture and Sculpture 59
CHAPTER THREE THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 65
HARD TIMES AND RECOVERY 66
Plague,Famine,and Wars 66
Commercial and Social Dislocation,and Revolts 68
The Forces of Recovery(Industrialization) 70
The Secular Monarchies 71
The Papal Monarchy 74
THE CULTURE OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 75
Religion 76
Philosophy and Science 80
Literature 82
Art and Architecture 85
PART Ⅱ THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE(c.1350-c.1550)CHAPTER FOUR THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 90
ITALY OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 90
Italian City-states during the Early Renaissance 91
Renaissance Patrons 93
HUMANISM AND CLASSICAL REVIVAL IN ITALY 95
Humanism 96
The Classical Revival 96
Petrarch:Father of Humanism 98
Civic Humanism 99
Textual Criticism:Lorenzo Valla 100
Revival of Platonism:Ficino and Pico 101
The Artistic Renaissance 103
CHAPTER FIVE THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM 111
THE STRUGGLE FOR ITALY 112
The Rise of the Modern Sovereign States:Spain and France 112
FROM HIGH RENAISSANCE TO EARLY MANNERISM 112
High Renaissance 112
Mannerism 114
High Renaissance Literature 115
High Renaissance Painting 119
High Renaissance Sculpture 124
High Renaissance Music 126
CHAPTER SIX THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 128
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM 129
Northern Christian Humanism and Desiderius Erasmus 129
Sir Thomas More and His Utopia 131
LITERATUER AND ARTS 132
Literature Renaissance 132
Artistic Renaissance 138
SCENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS 145
Astronomy 146
Medicine and Anatomy 147
CHAPTER SEVEN THE CHRISTIAN REFORMATIONS,RELIGIOUS WARS AND MANNERISM(c.1517-c.1648) 149
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 149
Martin Luther and the Reformation 150
The Spreading of the Protestant Reformation 154
The Protestant Heritage 161
THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION 162
The Counter-Reformation Popes 163
The Council of Trent 163
The Society of Jesus 164
A HALF CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARS 166
The French Wars of Religion(1562-1598) 167
The Revolt of the Netherlands 168
Hostility between England and Spain 170
MANNERISM 172
PART Ⅲ FAITH,REASON,AND POWER IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD(1600-1800)CHAPTER EIGHT THE AGE OF BAROQUE 176
WARFARE,ABSOLUTISM,AND THE BALANCE OF POWER 177
The Thirty Years' War 178
The Supreme Example of Absolutism:France 178
Limited Monarchy:The Dutch Republic and England 181
THE BAROQUE STYLE 183
The Florid Baroque and the Roman Catholic Church 184
The Classical Baroque and the Absolutism in France 191
The Restrained Baroque in the Netherlands and England 194
Baroque Literature 198
Baroque Music 206
CHAPTER NINE THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT(1600-1789) 209
THE SCENTIFIC REVOLUTION 210
The Empiricist Francis Bacon 211
The Rationalist Rene Descartes 211
English and French Traditions 213
Newton's Law of Gravitation 214
THE ENLIGHTENMENT 214
The Intelligibility of the Universe 215
The Confidence in Scientific Method 215
The Psychology of John Lock 216
The Philosophies 216
CULTURAL TRENDS:FROM ROCOCO TO NEOCLASSICAL 219
The Rococo Style 219
Neoclassicism 222
References 229