Chapter One:Background 1
Background of the Problem 3
Statement of the Purpose 6
Research Questions 7
Key Terms 14
Summary and Overview 20
Chapter Two:Review of Literature 21
Social Constructivist Perspectives on Teaching and Learning 21
Scaffolding 25
Engagement in Historical Empathy 28
Discussion in Social Studies Classrooms 32
Teacher Questioning 35
Classroom Discourse,Learning Relationships,and Student Agency 37
Summary 42
Chapter Three:Method 44
Participants and Settings 49
Research Design 53
Research Rigor 70
Summary 72
Chapter Four:Results＆Findings 73
Research Question 1:What learning relationships were created by the teachers across the group to coordinate student participation? 73
Research Question 2:What questioning strategies did the teachers use to help their students with their argumentation? 95
Research Question 3:How did the teachers attempt to encourage students to address different perspectives? 101
Research Question 4:Given the data,what discourse strategies can be characterized as the teachers' attempts to cultivate caring in their students? 111
Summary 120
Chapter Five:Discussion＆Conclusion 121
A Review of Findings 124
A Discussion of Scaffolding Caring as Empathy in Deliberation 125
Comparison and Contrast between Deliberative Discussion and Socratic Discussion 128
Implications of the Study 130
Limitations of the Study 136
Future Directions for Research 138
Conclusion 142
References 143
Footnotes 166
Appendix A:PIH Project prelesson interview questions 169
Appendix B:PIH Project postlesson interview questions 170
Appendix C:Transcription conventions 171