Unit 1 Getting Started 1
Part A Gathering Ideas 1
1．Freewriting 1
2．Focused Freewriting 2
3．Brainstorming 3
4．Clustering 4
5．Asking Questions 5
6．Keeping a Journal 6
Part B The Writing Process 9
1．Prewriting 9
2．Writing 9
3．Revising and Proofreading 9
Part C Relationship between Key Factors 10
1．Relationship between Writer and Subject 10
2．Relationship between Writer and Readers 10
3．Relationship between Purpose and Writing 11
Part D Differences between Chinese Writing and Western Writing 11
1．Difference in Thought Pattern 12
2．Difference in Objectivity 12
3．Difference in Evaluation 13
4．Difference in Stating a Moral 13
Unit 2 Diction 14
Part A Using Appropriate Words 14
1．Formal Words 14
2．Common Words 15
3．Colloquial Words 15
4．Avoiding Slang 15
5．Avoiding Chinglish 15
Exercises 16
Part B Using Exact Words 17
1．Denotation and Connotation 17
2．Synonyms 18
3．Abstract,Concrete,General and Specific Words 19
Exercises 21
Part C Using Idiomatic and Fresh Words 22
1．Idioms 23
2．Avoiding Cliches 24
3．Avoiding Nonce Words 25
Exercises 25
Part D Using Figurative Language 27
1．Simile 27
2．Metaphor 27
3．Personification 28
4．Metonymy 28
5．Synecdoche 28
6．Euphemism 29
7．Irony 29
8．Overstatement 30
9．Understatement 30
10．Transferred Epithet 31
11．Oxymoron 31
Exercises 32
Unit 3 The Sentence 35
Part A Rhetorical Types of Sentences 35
1．Loose Sentences 35
2．Periodical Sentences 36
3．Balanced Sentences 36
Exercises 37
Part B Revising for Sentence Structure 38
1．Sentence Fragment 38
2．Comma Splices 39
3．Run-On Sentences 39
Exercises 40
Part C Revising for Sentence Unity 42
Exercises 43
Part D Revising for Sentence Coherence 44
1．Misplaced Modifiers 44
2．Dangling Modifiers 45
3．Faulty Parallelism 46
Exercises 47
Part E Revising for Sentence Clarity 48
1．Ambiguous Reference 48
2．Confusing Shifts 49
Exercises 51
Part F Revising for Sentence Conciseness 52
1．Revising Deadwood 53
2．Changing Sentence Structure to Avoid Wordihess 53
3．Avoiding Unnecessary Passive Voice 54
4．Avoiding Unnecessary There Be Construction 54
Exercises 55
Part G Revising for Sentence Emphasis 56
1．Emphatic Word Order 56
2．Emphatic Sentence 56
3．Active Voice 58
4．Repetition 58
Exercises 58
Part H Revising for Sentence Variety 59
1．Vary Sentence Beginnings 59
2．Vary Sentence Length 60
Exercises 61
Unit 4 The Paragraph 62
Part A Internal Structure of a Paragraph 62
1．The Topic Sentence 62
2．Unity 64
3．Coherence 65
Exercises 66
Part B Transition 69
1．Transitions within a Paragraph 69
2．Transitions between Paragraphs 71
Exercises 72
Part C Paragraph Development 73
1．Development by Time 73
Exercises 74
2．Development by Space 76
Exercises 77
3．Development by Illustration 79
Exercises 80
4．Developmernt by Process 82
Exercises 84
5．Development by Definitions 86
Exercises 88
6．Development by Comparison and Contrast 89
Exercises 92
7．Development by Classification 93
Exercises 95
8．Development by Cause and Effect 98
Exercises 100
Unit 5 The Composition 103
Part A The Process of Writing a Composition 103
1．Looking at the Composition 103
2．Selecting a Subject 104
3．Narrowing the Topic 104
4．Writing the Thesis Statement 105
5．Finding Ideas 106
6．Outlining Ideas 106
7．Writing and Revising 108
Exercises 109
Part B Description 110
1．Establish a Dominant Impression 110
2．Arrange the Description Impression 110
3．Point of View 110
4．Revising 111
5．Describing a Person 111
6．Describing a Place 115
7．Describing an Obiect 117
8．Describing a Scene 120
Exercises 123
Part C Narration 123
1．Purpose 124
2．Background 124
3．Selection of Details 125
4．Point of View 125
5．Organization 125
6．Focus on the Character 125
7．Revising 125
Exercises 131
Part D Exposition 131
1．Illustration 133
2．Comparison and Contrast 136
3．Cause and Effect 141
4．Classification and Division 146
5．Definition 152
Exercises 156
Part E Argumentation 159
1．Debatable Points 160
2．Facts 161
3．Examples 161
4．Referring to an Authority 161
5．Predicting the Consequence 161
6．Answering the Opposition 161
7．Ways of Reasoning 161
8．Clear Logic 162
9．Revising 162
Exercises 164
Unit 6 Paraphrases,Summaries and Book Reports 166
Part A The Paraphrases 166
1．Requirements of Paraphrase Writing 166
2．Steps in Paraphrasing 166
Part B The Summary 167
1．Uses of Summary Writing 167
2．Steps in Summarizing 168
3．Requirements of Summary Writing 168
4．Ways of Compression 169
Part C The Book Report 173
1．Uses of a Book Report 173
2．Structure of a Book Report 173
3．Steps in Writing a Book Report 173
4．Requirements of Writing a Book Report 173
Exercises 175
Unit 7 Practical Writing 179
Part A Notices 179
Part B Greetings,Good Wishes,Congratulations and Condolences 185
1．Greetings 186
2．Good Wishes 187
3．Congratulations 188
4．Condolences 189
Part C Notes 189
1．Written Request for Leave 190
2．Appointments 192
3．Apologies 192
4．Requests 192
5．Thanks 193
6．Informal Invitations 193
7．Messages 194
Part D Bills 194
1．Forms of I.O.U 194
2．Forms of Receipt 195
3．Student Transcript 196
Part E Resumes and Letters 196
1．Resumes 196
2．Letters 204
Exercises 223
Appendix 224
Appendix 1 Mechanics 224
Appendix 2 Spelling 226
Appendix 3 Look-Alikes/Sound-Alikes 229
Appendix 4 Punctuation 235
Appendix 5 Correction Symbols in Alphabetical Order 243
Bibliography 245