Chapter 1 THE SUBJECT OF SOCIAL STATISTICS 1
Introduction 1
What Is Statistics About？ 1
How Important Is Statistics to Social Research？ 4
How Important Is Mathematics to Statistics？ 7
How Does the Computer Deal with Data？ 7
A Review of Basic Arithmetic Procedures 10
Summary 16
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 17
Chapter 2 MEASUREMENT AND DATA DISPLAY 21
Introduction 21
What Is Measurement？ 21
Displaying Data 27
Summary 46
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 48
Chapter 3 NUMERICAL SUMMARIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS 56
Introduction 56
Measures of Central Tendency 57
Measures of Variation 66
Summary 77
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 78
Chapter 4 A CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION：THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 84
Introduction 84
The Role of Probability 85
The Normal Probability Distribution 88
Skewness and Kurtosis 95
Summary 98
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 99
Chapter 5 A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 105
Introduction 105
Characteristics of the Binomial Distribution 105
The Model and Its Application 106
Transforming the Binomial to Continuous Form 112
Summary 115
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 116
Chapter 6 THE BASIS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE 119
Introduction 119
Random Sampling 119
Accuracy and Error in Sampling 121
The Logic of Statistical Inference 123
Point Estimates of μ 129
Interval Estimates of μ 131
Confidence Limits and Sample Size 134
Confidence Limits for Proportions 136
Summary 137
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 138
Chapter 7 TESTING HYPOTHESES 144
Introduction 144
What Is a Hypothesis？ 144
The Level of Significance 146
Testing the Hypotheses 148
The Risk of Error 151
Summary 155
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 155
Chapter 8 TESTING THE GOODNESS OF FIT 159
Introduction 159
Parametric and Nonparametric Tests 160
The Goodness of Fit for Continuous Variables：Parametric Tests 160
The Goodness of Fit of Discrete Variables：Nonparametric Tests 167
Summary 173
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 173
Chapter 9 COMPARING TWO CONTINUOUS MEASURES：PARAMETRIC TEST 178
Introduction 178
Some Background on Group Comparisons 179
Comparing Two Independent Measures 181
Comparing Two Dependent Measures 188
Summary 193
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 193
Chapter 10 COMPARING TWO DISCRETE MEASURES：NONPARAMETRIC TEST 200
Introduction 200
Comparing Two Independent Ordinal Measures 201
Comparing Two Dependent Ordinal Measures 209
Comparing Two Independent Nominal Measures 212
Comparing Two Dependent Nominal Variables 218
Summary 220
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 220
Chapter 11 COMPARING MORE THAN TWO MEASURES：ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 227
Introduction 227
One-Way ANOVA：The F Test 228
Two-Way ANOVA 234
Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 243
The Friedman Two-Way ANOVA 245
Summary 247
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 247
Chapter 12 LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 253
Introduction 253
Regression Analysis 254
Correlation Analysis 270
Summary 282
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 283
Chapter 13 TESTING THE ASSOCIATION OF DISCRETE DATA 289
Introduction 289
Measures of Association 289
Measuring the Association of Ordinal Data 293
Measuring the Association of Nominal Data 300
Summary 306
Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 307
SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 312
Appendix 318
Table 1：Areas under the Normal Curve 318
Table 2：Areas under the Binomial Curve 319
Table 3：Critical Values of T 322
Table 4：Critical Value of D for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample Test 323
Table 5：Critical Values of Chi-Square 324
Table 6a：Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where neither n1 nor n2＜8） 325
Table 6b：Critical Values for Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where n1≤20 and n2＞9≤20） 328
Table 7：Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample D 332
Table 8：Critical Values for Wilcoxon T 333
Table 9：Distribution of F 334
Table 10a：Critical Values for Correlation Coefficients 338
Table 10b：Critical Values of r rho（Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient）n，Number of Pairs 339
Table 11：Transformation of r to z 340
Table 12：Random Numbers 342
Table 13：Squares and Square Roots 346
INDEXES 359
Name Index 359
Subject Index 361