CHAPTER ⅠIntroduction 1
A. HISTORICAL OUTLINE 1
B. PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS 3
C. CUSTOMARY LAW 9
D. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 12
CHAPTER ⅡThe Boundaries of Outer Space 15
A. BOUNDARIES AND DELIMITATION 15
B. EARTH ORBITS 20
CHAPTER ⅢThe Space Law Treaties 23
A. THE OUTER SPACE TREATY OF 1967 24
1. Article Ⅰ in Conjunction with Article Ⅲ 25
2. Article Ⅱ 26
3. Article Ⅳ 26
4. Article Ⅴ 28
5. Article Ⅵ 28
6. Articles Ⅶ, Ⅷ 29
7. Article Ⅸ 29
8. Article Ⅹ 30
9. Article ⅩⅠ 30
10. Article ⅩⅡ 31
11. Articles Ⅷ-ⅩⅦ 31
B. THE RESCUE AGREEMENT OF 1968 31
C. THE LIABILITY CONVENTION OF 1972 34
1. The Preliminaries 34
2. Definitions (Article I) 35
3. Grounds for Liability 37
4. Joint Liability (Articles IV, V and VI) 38
5. Exoneration from Liability 38
6. Compensation for Damage 38
7. Exception to the Principle of Total Compensation 39
8. Claims 40
9. International Organizations 43
D. THE REGISTRATION CONVENTION OF 1975 44
E. THE MOON AGREEMENT OF 1979 48
CHAPTER ⅣExploration and Uses of Outer Space 53
A. METEOROLOGY 53
B. COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES 55
1. Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS) 56
2. International Organizations 59
a. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 59
b. Intelsat, Intersputnik and Inmarsat 60
c. Other Organizations 63
3. Rules and Regulations 63
4. Using Satellites for Air Navigation Control 67
C. REMOTE SENSING 70
1. Past and Present Legal Implications 70
2. The Bilateral Approach 74
3. Multilateral Moves - UNCOPUOS 76
4. The Second UNISPACE Conference 77
5. Verification 81
D. MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS, SPACE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 83
1. Introductory Notes 83
2. Aerospace Planes 84
3. Liability 85
E. LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES 87
1. Introductory Notes 87
2. Characteristics of Space Stations 87
3. Functions of Space Stations 88
4. Legal Aspects 88
a. Definitions 88
b. Registration 90
c. Liability 90
d. Co-operation 91
e. Free Access and Private Use 92
f. Jurisdiction and Settlement of Disputes 92
5. Mir and ISS 93
F. SOLAR POWER SATELLITES 97
1. Definition of Solar Energy 97
2. Using SPS, and Its Legal Implications 98
a. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 99
b. The UN Charter 99
c. The Geostationary Orbit 99
d. The Liability Convention 100
e. The Registration Convention 100
f. The ITU Rules 100
g. Contamination and Pollution 101
G. NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES (NPS) 101
H. COMMERCIAL USE OF OUTER SPACE 106
1. Introductory Notes 106
2. The Present Legal Position 107
3. Intellectual Property 110
4. Insurance 113
5. Product Liability Insurance 117
6. Special Needs of Developing Countries 118
7. Forms of Co-operation 120
8. Legal Implications for the Future 121
CHAPTER ⅤEnvironmental Issues 123
A. INTRODUCTORY NOTES 123
B. DAMAGE 127
1. Damage Caused by Debris Circulating in Space 127
2. Damage Caused by Harmful Contamination and Harmful Interference 130
3. Damage Caused by Nuclear and Radioactive Space Activities 131
4. Damage to the Ozone Layer 131
5. Damage Caused by Space Stations 132
6. Damage Caused by Solar Satellites 132
CHAPTER ⅥPreserving Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes 135
A. INTRODUCTORY NOTES 135
B. VERIFICATION 138
C. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES 142
D. CONCLUDING NOTE 144
CHAPTER ⅦTrends in Case Law 147
A. CASE LAW 147
1. Appalachian Insurance Co. v. McDonnell Douglas 149
2. Hughes Galaxy Inc. v. US Government 149
3. American Satellite Co. v. US Government 151
4. Martin Marietta Corporation v. International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (Intelsat) 151
5. Transpace Carriers v. US Government 152
6. Regina Doring-Kuschel and Benno Cams v. Schellenberg, Ogilvy and Mather GmbH 153
7. The Netherlands Antilles v. Antilles Communications N.V. 153
8. Florida Coalition for Peace and Justice v. George Herbert Walker Bush 154
9. AT&T v. Martin Marietta 154
10. Nemitz v. United States 155
B. COMMENTS 156
Annexes 159
1. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1967) 161
Article Ⅰ 162
Article Ⅱ 162
Article Ⅲ 162
Article Ⅳ 162
Article Ⅴ 163
Article Ⅵ 163
Article Ⅶ 163
Article Ⅷ 164
Article Ⅸ 164
Article Ⅹ 165
Article ⅩⅠ 165
Article ⅩⅡ 165
A rticle ⅩⅢ 165
Article ⅩⅣ 166
Article ⅩⅤ 166
Article ⅩⅥ 166
Article ⅩⅦ 167
2. Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1968) 169
Article 1 169
Article 2 170
Article 3 170
Article 4 170
Article 5 170
Article 6 171
Article 7 171
Article 8 172
Article 9 172
Article 10 172
3. Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (1972) 173
Article Ⅰ 173
A rticle Ⅱ 174
A rticle Ⅲ 174
Article Ⅳ 174
Article Ⅴ 175
Article Ⅵ 175
Article Ⅶ 175
Article Ⅷ 176
Article Ⅸ 176
Article Ⅹ 176
Article ⅩⅠ 177
Article ⅩⅡ 177
Article ⅩⅢ 177
Article ⅩⅣ 111
Article ⅩⅤ 178
Article ⅩⅥ 178
Article ⅩⅦ 178
Articte ⅩⅧ 178
Articte ⅩⅨ 179
Articte ⅩⅩ 179
Article ⅩⅩⅠ 179
Article ⅩⅩⅡ 179
Article ⅩⅩⅢ 180
Article ⅩⅩⅣ 180
Articte ⅩⅩⅤ 181
Article ⅩⅩⅥ 181
Article ⅩⅩⅦ 181
Article ⅩⅩⅧ 181
4. Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1975) 183
Article Ⅰ 184
Article Ⅱ 184
Article Ⅲ 184
Article Ⅳ 185
Article Ⅴ 185
Article Ⅵ 185
Article Ⅶ 186
Article Ⅷ 186
Article Ⅸ 186
Article Ⅹ 187
Article ⅩⅠ 187
Article ⅩⅡ 187
5. Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1979) 189
Article 1 189
Article 2 190
Article 3 190
Article 4 190
Article 5 191
Article 6 191
Article 7 192
Article 8 192
Article 9 193
Article 10 193
Article 11 193
Article 12 194
Article 13 195
Article 14 195
Arricte 15 195
Article 16 196
Article 17 197
Article 18 197
Article 19 197
Article 20 198
Article 21 198
6. Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting (10 December 1982) 199
A. Purposes and Objectives 199
B. Applicability of International Law 199
C. Rights and Benefits 200
D. International Co-operation 200
E. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 200
F. State Responsibility 200
G. Duty and Right to Consult 201
H. Copyright and Neighbouring Rights 201
I. Notification to the United Nations 201
J. Consultations and Agreements between States 201
7. Principles on Remote Sensing (11 December 1986) 203
Principle Ⅰ 203
Principle Ⅱ 203
Principle Ⅲ 204
Principle Ⅳ 204
Principle Ⅴ 204
Principle Ⅵ 204
Principle Ⅶ 205
Principle Ⅷ 205
Principle Ⅸ 205
Principle Ⅹ 205
Principle ⅩⅠ 205
Principle ⅩⅡ 206
Principle ⅩⅢ 206
Principle ⅩⅣ 206
Principle ⅩⅤ 206
8. Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power in Outer Space (14 December 1992) 207
Principle 1. Applicability of International Law 207
Principle 2. Use of terms 208
Principle 3. Guidelines and Criteria for Safe Use 208
Principle 4. Safety assessment 210
Principle 5. Notification of Re-entry 211
Principle 6. Consultations 212
Principle 7. Assistance to States 212
Principle 8. Responsibility 212
Principle 9. Liability and Compensation 213
Principle 10. Settlement of Disputes 213
Principle 11. Review and Revision 213
9. Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking Into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries (13 December 1996) 215
Bibliography 219
Bibliographies 219
Journals 219
Books and Articles 219
Index 243